Loewner deformations driven by the Weierstrass function
Let \(\lambda\) be a continuous, real-valued function on \([0,T]\), and \(z_0\in\overline{\mathbb H}\setminus\{\lambda(0)\}\), where \(\overline{\mathbb H}\) is the closure of the upper half-plane \(\mathbb H=\{z\in\mathbb C:\text{Im}\;z>0\}\). The chordal Loewner differential equation is the initial value problem NEWLINE\[NEWLINE\frac{dz(t)}{dt}=\frac{2}{z(t)-\lambda(t)},\;\;\;z(0)=z_0.NEWLINE\]NEWLINE Define the hull \(K_t=\{z_0\in\overline{\mathbb H}:z(s)=\lambda(s)\;\text{for some}\;s\leq t\}\) generated by \(\lambda\). The family of deformations driven by \(\lambda\) is the family of hulls \(K_T^c\) generated by \(c\lambda\) for \(c>0\).NEWLINENEWLINEThe authors study the deformations driven by the Weierstrass function NEWLINE\[NEWLINEW(t)=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{\cos(2^nt)}{\sqrt{2^n}}.NEWLINE\]NEWLINE The main result is given in the following theorem.NEWLINENEWLINETheorem 1.1. The deformations driven by the Weierstrass function \(W(t)\) exhibit a phase transition. In particular, when \(c\) is small enough, the hull generated by \(cW(t)\) is a simple curve in \(\mathbb H\cup\{cW(0)\}\), and this is not the case when \(c\) is large enough.NEWLINENEWLINEThe proof of Theorem 1.1 is based on estimates for the growth of the Weierstrass function near its local maxima.NEWLINENEWLINETheorem 1.2. Let \(t_{m,k}=m\pi/2^k\) for \(m,k\in\mathbb N\). If \(0<|h|\leq2^{-(k+7)}\), then NEWLINE\[NEWLINEW(t_{m,k})-W(t_{m,k}+h)\geq0.2\sqrt{|h|}.NEWLINE\]
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