Logarithmic potentials with external fields
asymptotic analysis of polynomialsasymptotic behaviour of weighted Fekete pointsbest rational approximantsconformal mappings of simply and doubly connected domainselasticityelectrostaticsexternal field problemextremal measuregeneralization of the equilibrium distributionWeierstrass-type theorems
Capacity and harmonic measure in the complex plane (30C85) Research exposition (monographs, survey articles) pertaining to potential theory (31-02) Potentials and capacity, harmonic measure, extremal length and related notions in two dimensions (31A15) Inequalities in approximation (Bernstein, Jackson, Nikol'ski?-type inequalities) (41A17) Conjugate functions, conjugate series, singular integrals (42A50)
Let \(M(E)\) denote the set of all probability measures on a compact set \(E\) in the complex plane. The equilibrium distribution \(\mu_E\) is the unique element of \(M(E)\) for which the energy \[ I(\mu)= \iint\log (1/|z-t|)d\mu(z) d\mu(t) \] is minimal among all \(\mu\in M(E)\). The determination of \(\mu_E\) is a classical problem in potential theory, and the measure \(\mu_E\) arises naturally in other areas of analysis; for example, it describes the limiting behaviour of Fekete points, which are important in polynomial interpolation. The book under review is concerned with a generalization of the equilibrium distribution and especially with numerous recent applications to various problems in constructive analysis. Let \(w\) be a weight function on \(E\) (that is, \(w\) is non-negative and upper semicontinuous on \(E\) and the set where \(w>0\) has positive logarithmic capacity). The weighted energy of \(\mu\in M(E)\) is \[ I_w(\mu)=\iint \log(1/|z-t|w(z)w(t))d\mu(z) d\mu(t)= I(\mu)+2\int Q d\mu, \] where \(Q=-\log w\). There is a unique \(\mu_w\in M(E)\) for which \(I_w(\mu)\) attains a minimum value. In terms of electrostatics, \(\mu_w\) is the equilibrium distribution of a unit charge on \(E\) in the presence of an external field \(Q\). The external field problem (that of determining \(I_w(\mu_w)\) and \(\mu_w\)) originates in work of Gauss and was investigated by O. Frostman and by F. Leja and his school during the period 1935-60. Interest in the problem was renewed in the 1980s when potentials with external fields were used to study polynomials orthogonal with respect to exponential weights on the real line. For this and other applications, it is important to note that the boundedness of \(E\) can be dispensed with, provided that in the unbounded case we assume \(|z|w(z)\to 0\) as \(|z|\to+\infty\), \(z\in E\). A preliminary chapter reviews prerequisite material. Then comes a detailed study of the external field problem. The development of the theory requires several fundamental results from classical plane potential theory, such as generalized maximum principles, the Riesz decomposition theorem, the domination principle, and Evans' theorem; these are presented and proved as they are needed, and Wiener's regularity criterion and the Dirichlet problem are treated in an appendix. A major topic of investigation is the support \(S_w\) of the extremal measure \(\mu_w\). In contrast with the classical unweighted \((w\equiv 1)\) case, in which \(\mu_E\) is always supported on the outer boundary of \(E\), the support \(S_w\) can be quite a general subset of \(E\) (depending on \(w\)), though \(S_w\) must be compact, even when \(E\) is not. A large part of the book is devoted to a wide variety of applications to problems in constructive analysis. The topics treated include: asymptotic analysis of polynomials orthogonal with respect to a weight function on an unbounded interval (for example, \(w(x)= \exp(-|x|^\alpha)\), \(\alpha>0\) on \((- \infty,+\infty)\)); asymptotic behaviour as \(n\to\infty\) of weighted Fekete points that maximize \(\prod_{1\leq j<k\leq n}|z_j-z_k|w(z_j)w(z_k)\) among all possible choices of \(z_1,\dots, z_n\) in a closed set \(E\); fast decreasing polynomials -- for a prescribed \(\varphi :[-1,1]\to [0,+\infty)\) one seeks polynomials \(p_n\) of degree \(n\) such that \(p_n(0)=1\) and \(|p_n|\leq e^{-n\varphi}\) on \([-1,1]\); incomplete polynomials of the form \(\sum_{k=s}^n a_kx^k\), where \(s\geq \theta n\) for some \(\theta>0\); conformal mappings of simply and doubly connected domains; Weierstrass-type theorems involving uniform approximation by functions \(w^np_n\), where \(p_n\) is a polynomial of degree \(n\); rates of convergence of best rational approximants to certain functions \(f\) (for example, \(f(x)= e^{-x}\) on \([0,+\infty)\)); modelling of certain elasticity problems. The external field problem is also related to important concepts within potential theory. For instance, if \(U^\mu\) denotes the logarithmic potential of a measure \(\mu\), then on each bounded component of the complement of \(S_w\), the potential \(U^{\mu_w}\) is, apart from an additive constant, the solution of the Dirichlet problem for boundary data \(\log w\). To take another example, the balayage of a measure \(\nu\) to a compact set \(E\) is the extremal measure corresponding to the external field \(Q=-U^\nu\) on \(E\). The book includes a final chapter on the case where the measure \(\mu\) is allowed to be signed and an appendix by \textit{T. Bloom} about weighted approximation in \(\mathbb{C}^N\), which uses pluripotential theory. Each chapter ends with a section of notes and historical references which includes discussion and citations for many of the theorems. However, a large number of results and proofs appear for the first time in the book. This is a very well written and authoritative work by two of the subject's leading researchers.
- Lorentz space estimates and Jacobian convergence for the Ginzburg-Landau energy with applied magnetic field
- Asymptotics for Christoffel functions of planar measures
- Means of algebraic numbers in the unit disk
- Multipoint Padé approximants to complex Cauchy transforms with polar singularities
- Which weights on \(\mathbb{R}\) admit \(L_p\) Jackson theorems?
- Global asymptotic expansions of the Laguerre polynomials -- a Riemann-Hilbert approach
- On the asymptotic behavior of Faber polynomials for domains with piecewise analytic boundary
- Riesz extremal measures on the sphere for axis-supported external fields
- Local Remez-type inequalities for exponentials of a potential on a piecewise analytic arc
- Rational functions with a general distribution of poles on the real line orthogonal with respect to varying exponential weights. I
- Zeros and logarithmic asymptotics of Sobolev orthogonal polynomials for exponential weights
- On Gautschi's conjecture for generalized Gauss-Radau and Gauss-Lobatto formulae
- The asymptotic behaviour of recurrence coefficients for orthogonal polynomials with varying exponential weights
- Chebyshev constants and the inheritance problem
- On a filter for exponentially localized kernels based on Jacobi polynomials
- Universality and fine zero spacing on general sets
- Menke points on the real line and their connection to classical orthogonal polynomials
- Polynomial approximation of piecewise analytic functions on a compact subset of the real line
- The distribution of zeros of asymptotically extremal polynomials
- Converse and smoothness theorems for Erdős weights in \(L_p\) \((0<p\leq\infty)\)
- Jackson theorems for Erdős weights in \(L_p\) \((0<p\leq \infty)\)
- New results on the equilibrium measure for logarithmic potentials in the presence of an external field
- Smoothness theorems for Erdős weights. II
- The asymptotic distribution of zeros of minimal Blaschke products
- Zero distributions for discrete orthogonal polynomials
- A characterization of smoothness for Freud weights
- Bounds for orthogonal polynomials for exponential weights
- Spurious poles in Padé approximation
- Asymptotics of the information entropy for Jacobi and Laguerre polynomials with varying weights
- The asymptotic zero distribution of orthogonal polynomials with varying recurrence coefficients
- Weighted rational approximation in the complex plane
- Balayage and convergence of rational interpolants
- Weighted polynomial approximation for weights with slowly varying extremal density
- An update on orthogonal polynomials and weighted approximation on the real line
- Asymptotic zero distribution of Laurent-type rational functions
- Forward and converse theorems of polynomial approximation for exponential weights on \([-1,1]\). I
- Forward and converse theorems of polynomial approximation for exponential weights on \([-1,1]\). II
- Rational approximation with varying weights. II
- Constrained energy problems with applications to orthogonal polynomials of a discrete variable
- Asymptotics for entropy integrals associated with exponential weights
- Gaussian rules on unbounded intervals
- On the numerical solution of Fredholm integral equations on unbounded intervals
- Logarithmic Sobolev inequalities, matrix models and free entropy
- Quadratic Hermite--Padé polynomials associated with the exponential function.
- Numerical methods for some special Fredholm integral equations on the real line.
- A tribute to Géza Freud
- On Blaschke products associated with \(n\)-widths
- Weighted polynomial approximation for convex external fields
- On the finite-gap ansatz in the continuum limit of the Toda lattice
- Polynomial inequalities on measurable sets and their applications. II: Weighted measures
- Asymptotics for Christoffel functions for general measures on the real line
- Simultaneous approximation and interpolation of functions on continua in the complex plane.
- \(L_p\) boundedness of \((C,1)\) means of orthonormal expansions for general exponential weights
- An \(L^{p}\) analog to AAK theory for \(p\geq 2\)
- Generalized Hermite polynomials and monodromy-free Schrödinger operators
- Random Hermitian matrices and Gaussian multiplicative chaos
- Convergence to equilibrium in the free Fokker-Planck equation with a double-well potential
- Free functional inequalities on the circle
- Concentration for Coulomb gases and Coulomb transport inequalities
- Bernstein-Walsh theory associated to convex bodies and applications to multivariate approximation theory
- Hole probabilities for \(\beta\)-ensembles and determinantal point processes in the complex plane
- Propagation of singular behavior for Gaussian perturbations of random matrices
- Energy integrals and small points for the Arakelov height
- Local microscopic behavior for 2D Coulomb gases
- Orthogonal polynomials on generalized Julia sets
- Symmetric contours and convergent interpolation
- Approximation with rational interpolants in \(A^{-\infty}(D)\) for Dini domains
- Some results on the rational Bernstein-Markov property in the complex plane
- Large deviation principle for empirical fields of log and Riesz gases
- Higher Markov and Bernstein inequalities and fast decreasing polynomials with prescribed zeros
- On the Van Vleck theorem for limit-periodic continued fractions of general form
- On bulk singularities in the random normal matrix model
- Renormalized energy and asymptotic expansion of optimal logarithmic energy on the sphere
- A large deviation principle for weighted Riesz interactions
- Equidistribution of jellium energy for Coulomb and Riesz interactions
- Asymptotic behavior of the spectrum of combination scattering at Stokes phonons
- Computation of induced orthogonal polynomial distributions
- Multiple Hermite polynomials and simultaneous Gaussian quadrature
- Local incompressibility estimates for the Laughlin phase
- Simulating Coulomb and log-gases with hybrid Monte Carlo algorithms
- Pluripotential numerics
- Variational methods for the modelling of inelastic solids. Abstracts from the workshop held February 4--10, 2018
- On Chebyshev polynomials in the complex plane
- Asymptotics for Hankel determinants associated to a Hermite weight with a varying discontinuity
- On external fields created by fixed charges
- Universality in random moment problems
- Polynomial approximation on a compact subset of the real line
- Expected number of real roots for random linear combinations of orthogonal polynomials associated with radial weights
- Repulsion in low temperature \({\beta}\)-ensembles
- Fluctuations of two dimensional Coulomb gases
- Compression of quasianalytic spectral sets of cyclic contractions
- Riemann-Hilbert analysis and uniform convergence of rational interpolants to the exponential function
- On the approximation order of extremal point methods for hyperbolic minimal energy problems
- Universal behavior for averages of characteristic polynomials at the origin of the spectrum
- On best rational approximation of analytic functions
- A (one-dimensional) free Brunn-Minkowski inequality
- The interaction of alternation points and poles in rational approximation
- Bivariate polynomial interpolation on the square at new nodal sets
- Partial balayage on Riemannian manifolds
- Convergent interpolatory quadrature rules and orthogonal polynomials of varying measures
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