Manifolds of vortex loops as coadjoint orbits
In this paper, the authors generalize the foundational framework initiated by \textit{V. I. Arnol'd} [Ann. Inst. Fourier 16, No. 1, 319--361 (1966; Zbl 0148.45301)] and later developments in geometric hydrodynamics by extending the study of vortex loops, modeled as embeddings of the circle \(S^1\) into the plane. The associated vorticity densities are allowed to be Morse 1-forms, including the case of densities with a finite number of nondegenerate zeros, which extends earlier works in which the densities were assumed to be non-vanishing.\N\NBy considering vortex loops as pairs \((C, \beta_C)\), where \(C\) is an oriented closed plane curve and \(\beta_C\) is a Morse 1-form on \(C\), and studying the coadjoint action of the compactly supported Hamiltonian diffeomorphism group \(\mathrm{Ham}_c(\mathbb{R}^2)\) on them, the authors determine the geometric invariants of the orbits. In addition to the enclosed area \(a\) and total vorticity \(w\), the zeros of the density allow for the definition of ``partial vorticities \(w_i\) along the loop. These form a tuple \(\overline{w}\) that serves as a complete set of invariants.\N\NA 2-form \(\Omega\) is constructed on the manifold of embeddings enclosing a fixed area, \(\mathrm{Emb}_a(S^1, \mathbb{R}^2)\), via a ``hat pairing of the canonical area form \(\omega\) and the density \(\beta\). The authors prove that \(\Omega\) becomes symplectic precisely when \(\beta\) is a Morse 1-form. To classify the resulting coadjoint orbits, the authors introduce the notion of rotational symmetry of step \(\ell\) for the tuple \(\overline{w}\), defined by its invariance under cyclic shifts.\N\NThe manifold of vortex loops \(\mathcal{O}_{\overline{w}}^a\) is identified with the space of embeddings \(\mathrm{Emb}_a(S^1, \mathbb{R}^2)\) when no rotational symmetry exists, in which case \(\Omega\) is the Kirillov-Kostant-Souriau (KKS) symplectic form. In the presence of a rotational symmetry of (smallest) step \(\ell\), the orbit is identified with the quotient space \(\mathrm{Emb}_a(S^1, \mathbb{R}^2) / \mathbb{Z}_{k/\ell}\), where \(\mathbb{Z}_{k/\ell}\) denotes the (discrete) cyclic group of degree \(k/\ell\), and the Kirillov-Kostant-Souriau symplectic form descends from~\(\Omega\).
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