Measure theory and nonlinear evolution equations

Introductory exposition (textbooks, tutorial papers, etc.) pertaining to measure and integration (28-01) Introductory exposition (textbooks, tutorial papers, etc.) pertaining to partial differential equations (35-01) Quasilinear parabolic equations (35K59) Hyperbolic conservation laws (35L65) PDEs with measure (35R06) Introductory exposition (textbooks, tutorial papers, etc.) pertaining to dynamical systems and ergodic theory (37-01) General theory of infinite-dimensional dissipative dynamical systems, nonlinear semigroups, evolution equations (37L05) Nonlinear evolution equations (47J35)

Review text

This textbook presents firstly a fairly complete description of classical functional analysis and measure theory as it is exposed in university at the master level, and then some sharp applications of these scientific tools in order to expose some recent developments of the study of nonlinear evolution equations. The book is divided into two main parts: \begin{itemize} \item[1.] Measure theory and applied functional analysis. \item[2.] Applications to nonlinear parabolic equations. \end{itemize} The interplay between these two sections is motivated by a detailed introduction-motivation presenting the typical equations for which the notion of measure valued solutions plays a key role, a notion which is at the core of this book. Historically the first nonlinear problems dealing with measures data are due to Bénilan and Brezis, but the solutions of the corresponding equations were locally integrable functions. The necessity of considering measure valued solutions came after. The first model presented is a diffusion type \[ \begin{aligned} \partial_tu-\Delta\phi (u)&=0&&\text{ in }\Omega\times (0,T)\\ u&=0&&\text{ in }\partial\Omega\times (0,T)\\ u&=u_0&&\text{ in }\Omega\times \{0\}. \end{aligned} \tag{1} \] where \(\phi:\mathbb{R}\mapsto\mathbb{R}\) is a nondecreasing continuous function. The natural definition of a measure-valued weak solution \(u\) of (1) presents the difficulty of defining \(\phi(u)\) which is overcome by using the absolute continuous part of this measure. The second model which justifies measure-valued solutions is hyperbolic conservation laws \[ \begin{aligned} \partial_tu+div\phi (u)&=0&&\text{ in }\mathbb{R}^N\times (0,T)\\ u&=u_0&&\text{ in }\mathbb{R}^N\times \{0\}, \end{aligned} \] where \(\phi=(\phi_1,\dots,\phi_N)\in \left(C^1(\mathbb{R})\right)^N\). For such a system the use of Young measures is needed. The third model corresponds to ill-posed problem which are equations of type (1) where the function \(\phi\) is non-monotone, e.g. \(\phi (u)=\frac{u}{1+u^2}\) (Perona-Malik) or \(\phi (u)=1-\frac{1}{1+u^m}\). The content of the book is the following: Part I consists in six chapters dealing with classical measure theory and applications to Sobolev spaces. Emphasis is put upon what will be needed in the applications: measure-completion theorem and construction of the Lebesgue-Stieltjes measure, signed measures and Jordan decomposition, outer measures and general capacities, Riesz representation and positive functionals, Sobolev spaces and different kinds of practical capacities (essentially of Bessel, Riesz or Sobolev types), vector integration with Bochner or Dunford construction and in particular vector Lebesgue spaces such as \(L^p(X,Y)\), convergence of measures and in particular of Young measures associated to functions. Part II is much shorter and is essentially devoted to the study of the three models already presented above: the nonlinear diffusion equations or the hyperbolic conservation laws which are now classical, and the forward-backward and ill-posed parabolic-type equations which are a less developed topic. The presentation shows the importance of the notion of Young measure solutions. This book is very carefully and concisely written. It is an important source as well for graduate students wanting to increase their knowledge in applied functional analysis, or by university lecturers in charge of delivering a master course in practical measure theory, or by researchers interested in nonlinear partial differential equations and in need of finding some precise results on these topics.

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