Multiple exponential sums over smooth numbers
In this substantial paper, estimates for multiple exponential sums are developed and applied to a variety of problems. One of the author's goals is to establish the existence of non-trivial rational lines on hypersurfaces defined by the vanishing of a diagonal form: \(\sum_{1 \leq i \leq s}c_ix_i^k\), subject to certain conditions, one of which should be that the number \(s\) of variables in the equation need not exceed a realistically small value. In this respect his theorem improves substantially on an approach developed by R. Brauer and later B. J. Birch, which does not yield a reasonably small bound, and guarantees only the existence of linear spaces on the hypersurfaces which, although of reasonably small degree, cannot be guaranteed to be lines. Relatively recently, some calculations of the number of variables needed in an improved approach of this type in the cubic case have been performed by \textit{T. D. Wooley} [Bull. Lond. Math. Soc. 29, 556-562 (1997; Zbl 0910.11013)]. The author uses the Hardy-Littlewood method, which also leads to other applications of a type more commonly seen in this context. Let \(S_s(P)\) denote the number of solutions of the system \[ \sum_{1 \leq m \leq s}x_m^iy_m^j - \overline x_m^i\overline y_m^j=0\;\text{ for} 0 \leq i \leq k\;\text{ and} i+j=k \] in numbers not exceeding \(P\). Then, provided \(s \geq s_1\) for a certain \(s_1\) not very different from \(k^2\), the author shows that \(S_s(P) \ll P^{4s-k(k+1)+\Delta_s+\varepsilon}\) with an ``admissible exponent not exceeding \(k(k+1)\) and decreasing as \(s\) increases. The author can restrict his variables to be \(R\)-smooth (having no prime factors exceeding \(R\)) with \(R \leq P^\eta\), where \(\eta\) depends on \(\varepsilon\). For large \(k\) the result is sharpened to a form with improved admissible exponents by a process of repeated efficient differencing. These results also lead in a standard way to estimates of Weyl sums over minor arcs. In the related problem in which the restriction \(i+j=k\) is absent \textit{G. I. Arkhipov}, \textit{A. A. Karatsuba} and \textit{V. N. Chubarikov} [Tr. Mat. Inst. Steklova 151 (1980; Zbl 0441.10037); translation in Proc. Steklov Inst. Math. 151 (1982)] had an admissible exponent more like \(k^3\) and needed \(s_1\) of a size like \(6k^3\log k\). The author also considers a multidimensional analogue of Waring's problem, introduced by \textit{G. I. Arkhipov} and \textit{A. A. Karatsuba} [Sov. Math., Dokl. 36, No. 1, 75-77 (1987); translation from Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 295, 521-523 (1987; Zbl 0655.10043)]. Here he seeks the number of solutions of a system \[ \sum_{1 \leq m \leq s}x_m^{k-j}y_m^j=n_j \text{ for } 0 \leq j \leq k \] with the integers \(x_m,y_m\) in \([1,P]\). A condition on the numbers \(n_j\) has to be imposed, sufficient to ensure that real solutions exist. In addition, a \(p\)-adic condition of the usual type is required. Then \(\gg P^{2s-k(k+1)}\) solutions are found provided \(s \geq s_1\), for a certain \(s_1\) somewhat larger than \({14\over 3}k^2\log k\). In a related way the author produces a similar result for the system of equations \[ \sum_{1 \leq m \leq s}c_mx_m^{k-j}y_m^j=n_j \text{ for } 0 \leq j \leq k, \] or equivalently, via the binomial theorem, of the equation \(\sum_{1 \leq m \leq s} c_m(x_mt+y_m)^k=0\). The connection with the problem of finding lines on a surface is not immediate, because of the possibility that many of the solutions that have been counted might correspond to the same line. This obstacle is overcome by producing an estimate when the variables are restricted to dyadic intervals, and showing that the number of solutions corresponding to a given line is bounded. In this way the author finds, subject to the usual solubility conditions, \(\gg P^{2s-k(k+1)}\) distinct rational lines on the surface \(\sum_{1 \leq m \leq s}c_mz_m^k =0\) with \(\max\{|x_m|,|y_m|\}\leq P\). The author announces that in a separate publication [Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 352, 5045-5062 (2000; Zbl 1108.11302)] it is shown that in the cubic case such a result holds unconditionally whenever \(s \geq 57\).
- Exponential sums, the geometry of hyperplane sections, and some diophantine problems
- The asymptotic estimates and Hasse principle for multidimensional Waring's problem
- A note on the real densities of homogeneous systems in function fields
- Near-optimal mean value estimates for multidimensional Weyl sums
- Hua-type iteration for multidimensional Weyl sums
- EQUAL SUMS OF LIKE POLYNOMIALS
- Asymptotic estimates for rational linear spaces on hypersurfaces
- The density of rational lines on cubic hypersurfaces
- Rational lines on cubic hypersurfaces
- An exponential sum estimate for systems with linear polynomials
- A note on multiple exponential sums in function fields
- On the density of rational lines on diagonal cubic hypersurfaces
- On the density of rational lines on diagonal cubic hypersurfaces. II
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