On exponential sums over smooth numbers.
This paper is concerned with the theory and applications of exponential sums over smooth numbers. Despite the numerous applications stemming from suitable estimates for these exponential sums, thus far little attention has been paid to any but the simplest cases. For the purposes of illustrating the power of our new estimates, we draw corollaries concerning the distribution of the fractional parts of polynomials, and for Waring's problem with polynomial summands. In order to illustrate our conclusions, we provide only one example, for which we require some notation. When \(P\) and \(R\) are positive integers, let \({\mathcal A} (P,R)\) denote the set of \(R\)-smooth numbers up to \(P\), that is, \({\mathcal A} (P,R)= \{n\in \mathbb{Z} \cap [1,P]:p\) prime, \(p\mid n\Rightarrow p\leq R\}\). Consider a fixed \(t\)-tuple, \({\mathbf k}= (k_1, \dots, k_t)\), of positive integers satisfying \(1\leq k_t< k_{t-1} <\cdots <k_1\), and define the exponential sum \(f_k(\alpha; P,R)\) by \[ f_k(\alpha; P,R)= \sum_{x\in {\mathcal A} (P,R)} e (\alpha_1 x^{k_1} +\cdots +\alpha_t x^{k_t}), \] where \(e(z)\) denotes \(e^{2\pi iz}\). Theorem. Let \(k_1, \dots, k_t\) be integers satisfying the above hypothesis. Write \(s_0= {1\over 2} tk_1 (\log (tk_1) -2\log \log k_1)\), and when \(s\) is a positive integer, define the exponent \(\Delta_s\) by \[ \Delta_s= \begin{cases} tk_1e^{2- 2s/(tk_1)}, \quad & \text{when } 1\leq s\leq s_0, \\ e^3 (\log k_1)^2 (1-1/k_1)^{(s- s_0)/t}, \quad & \text{when } s>s_0. \end{cases} \] Then there exists an absolute constant \(K_1\) such that whenever \(k_1\geq K_1\), \(s\in \mathbb{N}\), and \(\eta>0\) is sufficiently small in terms of \(\varepsilon\), \(k_1\) and \(s\), then one has \[ \int_{\mathbb{T}^t} \bigl |f_k (\alpha; P,R) \bigr|^{2s} d\alpha \ll P^{2s- \sum^t_{i=1} k_i+ \Delta_s+ \varepsilon}. \]
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