Non-totally real number fields and toroidal groups
Complex multiplication and moduli of abelian varieties (11G15) Cubic and quartic extensions (11R16) General properties and structure of complex Lie groups (22E10) Period matrices, variation of Hodge structure; degenerations (32G20) Complex Lie groups, group actions on complex spaces (32M05) Homology and cohomology of homogeneous spaces of Lie groups (57T15)
Let \({\mathcal T}={\mathbb C}^n/\Lambda\) be a toroidal group of dimension \(n\) with real rank \(n+1\) where we can assume that the lattice \(\Lambda \subset {\mathbb C}^n\) is in the standard form\N\[\N\Lambda=\langle (1,0,\ldots, 0), (0,1,\ldots, 0),\ldots, (0,\ldots, 1), (\tau, s_1,\ldots, s_{n-1})\rangle_{\mathbb Z}\N\]\Nwith \(\tau \not \in \mathbb R\). Let \(\mathcal C\) be the elliptic curve having fundamental parallelogram generated by \(\{1, \tau\}\), and let \({\mathfrak J}_L(\mathcal C)\) be the generalized Jacobian of \(\mathcal C\) with modulus \(L=(T_1)+(T_2)+\cdots +(T_n)\in \text{div}({\mathcal C})\) where the \(T_i\) are \(n\) pairwise distinct points of \({\mathcal C}\). In the present paper the authors make use of the representation of \(\mathcal T\) as the generalized Jacobian \({\mathfrak J}_L(\mathcal C)\) of \(\mathcal C\) to study the relationship between \(\mathcal T\), non-totally real number fields \(K\) of degree \(n+1\), and \(n\)-variate meromorphic periodic functions with \(n+1\) \(\mathbb R\)-independent periods\N\[\N(1,0,\ldots, 0), (0,1,\ldots, 0),\ldots, (0,\ldots, 1), (\tau, s_1,\ldots, s_{n-1}).\N\]\NThey consider in detail the case in which \(K\) has degree 3, and also the case in which \(K\) has degree 4.\N\NIn the case in which \(K\) is a non-totally real cubic number field we have \(K={\mathbb Q}(\omega)\) where \(a\omega^3+b\omega^2+c\omega+d=0\) with \(ax^3+bx^2+cx+d \in {\mathbb Z}[x]\). Furthermore, \({\mathcal O}_K=\langle 1,\rho_1,\rho_2 \rangle\) where \(\rho_1=a\omega\), and \(\rho_2=a\omega^2+b\omega\). We have a Minkowski embedding \(\mu: K\rightarrow {\mathbb C}^2\) defined by \(z\rightarrow (\sigma_1(z), \sigma_2(z))\) where \(\sigma_1: K\rightarrow {\mathbb R}\subset \mathbb C\) is the real embedding and \(\sigma_2 :K\rightarrow {\mathbb C}\) is one of the two conjugate complex embeddings of \(K\), and \(\mathcal T={\mathbb C}^2/\mu({\mathcal O}_K)\) is a toroidal group with extra multiplications. Assume that \(\sigma_1(\omega)=\alpha\) and \(\sigma_2(\omega)=\beta\) where \(ax^3+bx^2+cx+d=a(x-\alpha)(x-\beta)(x-\bar{\beta})\). The authors prove the following theorem.\N\NTheorem 2.3. Let \(K={\mathbb Q}(\omega)\) be any non-totally real cubic number field, with \(a\omega^3+b\omega^2+c\omega+d=0\), and let \(\mu:K\rightarrow {\mathbb C}^2\) be a Minkowski embedding, as above. If \(\mathcal T={\mathbb C}^2/\mu({\mathcal O}_K)\) is the toroidal group associated with \({\mathcal O}_K\), then the parameters defining the lattice in standard form are \(\tau=-a\alpha\beta\) and \(s_1=-\bar{\beta}\) (hence \(\tau s_1=-d\)).\N\NMoreover, \(\mathcal T\) has extra multiplications, and the analytic and rational representations of \(\text{End}(\mathcal T)\) yield the free \(\mathbb Z\)-modules generated, respectively, by the matrices \(I_2,(\rho_1)_a, (\rho_2)_a\) and \(I_3,(\rho_1)_r, (\rho_2)_r\), where\N\[\N(\rho_1)_a=\left({\begin{array}{cc} 0& a\tau \\\N1&-b+as_1 \\\N\end{array}}\right), \hspace{.1 in} (\rho_2)_a=\left({\begin{array}{cc} \tau& -ad \\\Ns_1&-c \\\N\end{array}}\right),\N\]\Nand\N\[\N(\rho_1)_r=\left({\begin{array}{ccc} 0&0& -ad \\\N1&-b&-c \\\N0&a&0 \end{array}}\right), \hspace{.1 in} (\rho_2)_r=\left({\begin{array}{ccc} 0& -ad &-bd\\\N0&-c&-d \\\N1&0&-c\\\N\end{array}}\right).\N\]\NThe authors include in the present paper the following converse to Theorem 2.3 which is proved in [\textit{D. Vallières}, J. Théor. Nombres Bordx. 24, No. 1, 201--229 (2012; Zbl 1282.22003)]. In its statement \(\text{End}_0(\mathcal T)=\text{End}(\mathcal T)\otimes_{\mathbb Z}\mathbb Q\).\N\NTheorem 2.5. Given a toroidal group \(\mathcal T\) of complex rank \(\text{rk}_{\mathbb C} \mathcal T=2\) and real rank \(\text{rk}_{\mathbb R} \mathcal T=3\) with extra multiplications, the field \(K=\text{End}_0(\mathcal T)\) is a non-totally real cubic number field, and if the ring \(\text{End}(\mathcal T)\) coincides with the ring of algebraic integers \({\mathcal O}_K\), then there exists a fractional ideal \(\frac{1}{\nu}\mathcal J\), with \(\nu \in {\mathcal O}_K\) and \(\mathcal J\) an ideal of \({\mathcal O}_K\), such that \(\mathcal T\) is isomorphic to the quotient\N\[\N{\mathbb C}^2/\mu(\textstyle{\frac{1}{\nu}}\mathcal J),\N\]\Nfor a suitable Minkowski embedding \(\mu : K\rightarrow {\mathbb C}^2\).\N\NThe authors of the present paper also obtain the following theorem regarding the \(m\)-torsion of \(\mathcal T\) in the cubic case. In its statement, the representation (1.4) is recalled in the present paper, \(L=(M)+(N)\), with \(M=\text{P}(t_M)\) and \(N=\text{P}(t_N)\), and \(\sigma\) is the Weierstrass elliptic function.\N\NTheorem 2.8. In the above notation, if \(m>0\) is a fixed integer, then the torsion subgroup\N\[\N{\mathcal T}[m]=\mu(\textstyle{\frac{1}{m}}{\mathcal O}_K)/\mu({\mathcal O}_K)\N\]\Nis isomorphic to \(({\mathbb Z}/m{\mathbb Z})^3\). Furthermore, an element of \({\mathfrak J}_L(\mathcal C)\), represented as in (1.4) by the pair \((P,k)\in {\mathcal C}\times {\mathbb C}^*\), with \(P=\text{P}(t)\), belongs to the \(m\)-torsion subgroup if and only if there exists \(\zeta \in \langle 1,\tau \rangle\) such that\N\[\N\begin{cases} t=\frac{1}{m}\zeta, \\\N\\\Nk=\frac{\sigma(\frac{1}{m}\zeta-t_N)}{\sigma(\frac{1}{m}\zeta-t_M)}\sqrt[m]{\frac{\sigma(\zeta-t_M)}{\sigma(\zeta-t_N)}\frac{\sigma(t_M)^{m-1}}{\sigma(t_N)^{m-1}}} \end{cases}\N\]\NThe authors obtain results similar to Theorems 2.3 and 2.5 for certain quartic fields.
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