Normal forms for equivariant differential equations
Consider a nonautonomous linear system \[ x'=A(t)x \] with \(A(t)\) a square \(d\times d\) matrix, continuous with respect to \(t\in\mathbb{R}\) and \(\mathcal{A}(t, s)\) is the evolution operator. The linear system has a tempered exponential dichotomy if \begin{itemize} \item [1)] There exists a projection \(P(t)\) with \(t\in\mathbb{R}\) such that \[ P(t)\mathcal{A}(t,s)=\mathcal{A}(t,s)P(s)\text{ for }t,s\in\mathbb{R}; \] \item [2)] There exist a constant \(\lambda>0\) and an upper tempered function \(D:\mathbb{R}\rightarrow\mathbb{R}^{+}\) which satisfies \(\displaystyle\limsup_{t\to \pm \infty}\frac{1}{|t|}\log D(t)\leq 0\) such that for \(t,s\in\mathbb{R}\): \[ \begin{cases} \|\mathcal{A}(t,s)P(s)\|\leq D(s)e^{-\lambda(t-s)} & \text{for }t\geq s, \\ \|\mathcal{A}(t,s)(\text{Id}-P(s))\|\leq D(s)e^{-\lambda(s-t)} & \text{for } t\leq s. \end{cases} \] \end{itemize} In the same line, it is defined the nonuniform spectrum \(\Sigma(A)\), associated to the linear system, as the set of all the parameters \(a\in\mathbb{R}\) such that the linear system \(x'=(A(t)-a \text{Id})x\) does not admit a tempered exponential dichotomy. In a similar way as it has been done in other articles of the area, also by the same authors, it is established the possibility of describing the spectrum as \(\Sigma(A)=\bigcup_{i=1}^{r}[a_i,b_i]\) and also to obtain the equivalence between the linear system and a block system \[ y'=\mathrm{diag}(B_1(t),\dots,B_r(t))y\text{ and }\Sigma(B_i)=[a_i,b_i],\;\; \text{for all }i\in\{1,\dots,r\}. \] On the other hand, the concepts of equivariance and reversibility via a differentiable function \(S:\mathbb{R}\times\mathbb{R}^d\rightarrow\mathbb{R}^{d}\) are defined in the context of nonautonomous differential equations. These properties are preserved for certain coordinate changes between differential systems. Finally, considering the perturbed system \[ x'=A(t)x+f(t,x), \] where \(f:\mathbb{R}\times\mathbb{R}^d\rightarrow\mathbb{R}^{d}\) is of class \(C^{p}\) satisfying \(f(t,0)=0\) and \(\frac{\partial f}{\partial x}(t,0)=0\), it is established that if \(A(t)\) is assumed to be a block matrix and the perturbed system is equivariant via a tempered function \(S\), that is \[ \lim_{t\to\pm}\frac{1}{t}\log \|S(t)\|=0\text{ and }\lim_{t\to\pm}\frac{1}{t}\log \|S^{-1}(t)\|=0, \] then a symmetry property related to \(S\) is satisfied and the perturbed system \(x'=A(t)x+g(t,x)\), for a certain \(g\), is also equivariant via the same function \(S\). A similar result is proved if reversibility is considered as a hypothesis. In both results the concept of resonance is used.
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