Normal interaction force equation between two particles

defining equation of force component acting normally at the contact interface between two particles.

formula

Formula(s) and Quantities

$\begin{matrix} 𝑭_{i j}^{N} & = (k_{i j}^{N} δ_{i j} + d_{i j}^{N} {\dot{δ}}_{i j}) 𝒏_{i j} \\ δ_{i j} & = ⟨ 𝒙_{i} - 𝒙_{j}, 𝒏_{i j} ⟩ \\ {\dot{δ}}_{i j} & = ⟨ 𝒗_{i} - 𝒗_{j}, 𝒏_{i j} ⟩ \\ r_{i j} & = (r_{i} + r_{j}) / 2 \\ k_{i j}^{N} & = E_{N} π r_{i j} / 2 \\ d_{i j}^{N} & = D_{N} 2 \sqrt{k_{i j}^{N} m_{i j}} \\ m_{i j} & = \frac{m_{i} m_{j}}{m_{i} + m_{j}} \\ 𝒏_{i j} & = \frac{𝒙_{i} - 𝒙_{j}}{‖ 𝒙_{i} - 𝒙_{j} ‖} \end{matrix}$
$D_{N}$ represents damping coefficient
$E_{N}$ represents Young's modulus
$𝑭_{i j}^{N}$ represents interaction force
$𝒗_{i} \in ℝ^{3}$ represents particle velocity
$r_{i j}$ represents particle radius
$𝒏_{i j} \in ℝ^{3}$ represents unit normal vector
$𝒙_{i} \in ℝ^{3}$ represents particle position
$k_{i j}^{N}$ represents normal stiffness
$m_{i}$ represents particle mass

Further links

Item	Property
Coulomb friction condition between two particles	symbol represents
linear discrete element method	contains

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