Normal numbers with digit dependencies

DOI10.1090/TRAN/7706MaRDI QIDQ5234494zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Christoph Aistleitner, Verónica Becher, Olivier Carton

Publication date 26 September 2019

Published in Transactions of the American Mathematical Society (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1804.02844

zbMATH Keywords

Borel normalityToeplitz set

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Normal numbers, radix expansions, Pisot numbers, Salem numbers, good lattice points, etc. (11K16) Combinatorics on words (68R15)

Abstract: We give metric theorems for the property of Borel normality for real numbers under the assumption of digit dependencies in their expansion in a given integer base. We quantify precisely how much digit dependence can be allowed such that, still, almost all real numbers are normal. Our theorem states that almost all real numbers are normal when at least slightly more than $loglogn$ consecutive digits with indices starting at position $n$ are independent. As the main application, we consider the Toeplitz set $T_P$, which is the set of all sequences $a_1{a}_{2}ldots$ of symbols from $0,ldots,b-1$ such that $a_n$ is equal to $a_{pn}$, for every $p$ in $P$ and $n=1,2,ldots$. Here $b$ is an integer base and $P$ is a finite set of prime numbers. We show that almost every real number whose base $b$ expansion is in $T_P$ is normal to base $b$. In the case when $P$ is the singleton set $2$ we prove that more is true: almost every real number whose base $b$ expansion is in $T_P$ is normal to all integer bases. We also consider the Toeplitz transform which maps the set of all sequences to the set $T_P$ and we characterize the normal sequences whose Toeplitz transform is normal as well.

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Cited in

(8)

• A direct proof of dependence vanishing theorem for sequences generated by Weyl transfor\-mation
• Normal sequences with given limits of multiple ergodic averages
• On simply normal numbers to different bases
• Statistical Independence and Normal Numbers: An Aftermath to Mark Kac's Carus Monograph
• Normal numbers from independent processes
• On simply normal numbers with digit dependencies
• Most numbers are not normal
• Normal numbers

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