On Lagrange's Theorem with Prime Variables
It is well-known that every positive integer can be represented as the sum of four squares, and it is conjectured that every positive integer \(n \equiv 4 \pmod{24}\) can be represented as the sum of four squares of primes. While the latter conjecture remains unproven, there has been some progress in this direction. \textit{L.-K. Hua} [Q. J. Math. 9, 68--60 (1938; Zbl 0018.29404)] proved that every \(n \equiv 5 \pmod{24}\) is the sum of five squares of primes. Furthermore, if we let \(E(N)\) denote the number of exceptional \(n \equiv 4 \pmod{24}\) up to \(N\) that are not sums of four squares of primes, then it follows from work of \textit{W. Schwarz} [J.\ Reine Angew.\ Math.\ 206, 78--112 (1961; Zbl 0103.27502)] that \(E(N) \ll N (\log N)^{-A}\) for each \(A>0\). This bound has recently been improved to \(E(N) \ll N^{13/15+\varepsilon}\) by the author and \textit{M.-C. Liu} [Ill. J.\ Math.\ 44, No. 2, 272--293 (2000; Zbl 0942.11044)] and subsequently to \(E(N) \ll N^{13/30+\varepsilon}\) by \textit{T. Wooley} [Proc.\ Lond. Math.\ Soc.\ (3) 85, No.\ 1, 1--21 (2002; Zbl 1039.11066)]. In the present paper, the author obtains the further improvement \(E(N) \ll N^{2/5+\varepsilon}\). The proof uses a generalization of the hybrid estimates for Dirichlet polynomials developed in the author's earlier work with Liu, together with an iterative procedure that allows further enlargement of the major arcs. This is then combined with Wooley's minor arc argument to complete the proof.
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