Enlarged major arcs in additive problems
In this paper dedicated to the memory of Professor A. A. Karatsuba, the author establishes a theorem concerning evaluation of contribution from large major arcs in application of the circle method to the Waring-Goldbach problem. Now define \[ S(x;\alpha)=\sum_{x<p\leq2x}(\ln p)\exp(2\pi ip^k\alpha) \] where \(p\) stands for primes and \(k\) is a positive integer, put \(P=x^{\theta}\), \(Q=x^kP^{-1}(\ln x)^{-B}\) with positive constants \(\theta\) and \(B\), and let \({\mathfrak M}\) be the union of the intervals \([a/q-(qQ)^{-1}, a/q+(qQ)^{-1}]\) for co-prime integers \(q\) and \(a\) satisfying \(1\leq a\leq q\leq P\). Then the main theorem of the paper asserts that for any fixed positive \(A\), there is a positive \(B\) such that if \(\theta<1/2\) and \(s=5\), or \(\theta<s/(s+4)\) and \(s\geq6\), then one has the asymptotic formula \[ \int_{\mathfrak M}S^s(x;\alpha)\exp(-2\pi in\alpha)\,d\alpha={\mathfrak S}(n)J(n)+ O(x^{s-k}(\ln x)^{-A}), \] where \({\mathfrak S}(n)\) and \(J(n)\) are the singular series and integral, respectively, associated to the sum of \(s\) \(k\)-th powers of primes in \((x,2x]\). For \(s\geq6\), this result substantially improves the corresponding theorem of \textit{A. V. Kumchev} [``On Weyl sums over primes and almost primes, Mich. Math. J. 54, No. 2, 243--268 (2006; Zbl 1137.11054)]. And the proof uses the estimate for \(S(x;\alpha)\) that was obtained recently by \textit{X. Ren} [``On exponential sums over primes and application in Waring-Goldbach problem, Sci. China Ser. A 48, No. 6, 785--797 (2005; Zbl 1100.11025)].
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