On density and independence of sets
Given \(q\)-algebra \(\mathcal Y\subseteq \mathcal{P}(\mathbb{N})\) with a certain regularity property, a density is a map \(\nu: \mathcal{Y} \to [0,1]\) is defined as a finitely additive probability measure. Independence of sets \(A_1,\dots,A_m\in\mathcal Y\) is defined by multiplicativity of \(\nu\) on all finite intersections. The first main result is a density version of the Borel-Cantelli lemma: if \(A_1,A_2,\dots\) are \(\nu\)-independent and \(\sum_j \nu(A_j)=\infty\), then \(\nu(\bigcup_{j\ge1}A_j)=1\), with the explicit formula\N\[\N\nu\Bigl(\bigcup_{j=1}^k A_j\Bigr)=1-\prod_{j=1}^k (1-\nu(A_j)).\N\]\NAs a consequence under the same divergence assumption, \(\nu(S)=0\) if and only if \(\nu(S\cap A_j)=0\) for all \(j\).\N\NSpecialising to ``arithmetic densities (those assigning measure \(1/m\) to infinite arithmetic progressions \(m\cdot \mathbb{N}+r\)), the paper derives a density-analogue of a theorem of Niven on asymptotic density: for primes \(p_k\) with \(\sum_k 1/p_k=\infty\), if all sets of elements of \(A\) lying in a prescribed residue class mod \(p_k\) but avoiding a prescribed class mod \(p_k^2\) have \(\nu\)-measure \(0\), then \(\nu(A)=0\).\N\NIn Section~2, the authors discusses ``outer densities \(\nu:\mathcal P(\mathbb N)\to[0,1]\) (submeasures satisfying a strong form of subadditivity) and shows that the class \(D_\nu=\{A:\nu(A)+\nu(\mathbb N\setminus A)=1\}\) is a \(q\)-algebra on which \(\nu\) restricts to a density. This framework is applied to decompositions of \(\mathbb N\) into independent blocks and yields criteria for the frequency with which a set meets a family of partitions. \N\NIn Section~3, these decomposition estimates are applied to complete residue systems: if \(\nu\) is arithmetic and \((m_n)\) are pairwise coprime with \(\sum_n 1/m_n=\infty\), then any set \(A\subset\mathbb N\) that avoids containing a complete residue system modulo each \(m_n\) must satisfy \(\nu(A)=0\). \N\NFinally, in Section~4 the author introduces \(\nu\)-measurable sequences and their \(\nu\)-distribution functions. The paper concludes with applications to classical diophantine approximation of irrational numbers.
- A note about the submeasures and Fermat Last Theorem
- Distribution of sequences. A theory
- scientific article; zbMATH DE number 3440485 (Why is no real title available?)
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- On Systems of Independent Sets
- On various definitions of density (survey)
- Sequences, discrepancies and applications
- Systems of conditionally independent sets
- Systems of sets with multiplicative asymptotic density
- The asymptotic density of sequences
- The density set: a survey
- The Measure Theoretic Approach to Density
- Über die Gleichverteilung von Zahlen mod. Eins.
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