The Measure Theoretic Approach to Density
Seien \(\mathfrak A, \mathfrak B, \ldots\) Mengen natürlicher Zahlen, \(A(n), B(n), \ldots\) ihre Anzahlfunktionen (d. h. die Anzahlen der Zahlen \(a\le n,\ a\in\mathfrak A\) etc.). Bekanntlich heißt \(\displaystyle\delta_*(\mathfrak A) = \lim_{n\to\infty} \frac{A(n)}{n}\), falls vorhanden, die natürliche Dichte von \(\mathfrak A\). Verf. führt eine Dichtentheorie für die Teilmengen der Menge \(\mathfrak Z\) aller natürlicher Zahlen in gewisser Analogie zur Carathéodoryschen Maßtheorie durch. Ausgangspunkt sind die arithmetischen Folgen \(ax + b (\ge 0)\) (für diese ist ja \(\delta_*(\mathfrak A) = \tfrac1a\)). Als nächstes wird die Klasse \(D_0\) aller derjenigen \(\mathfrak A\subseteq\mathfrak Z\) gebildet, die eine endliche Vereinigung arithmetischer Folgen sind unter Zulassung endlich vieler Abänderungen. -- Neuerdings nennt man die zu \(D_0\) gehörigen Mengen rational. -- Mit \(\mathfrak A\) gehört dann auch das Komplement \(\mathfrak A'\) zu \(D_0\), mit \(\mathfrak A\) und \(\mathfrak B\) sowohl \(\mathfrak A \cup \mathfrak B\) als auch \(\mathfrak A \cap \mathfrak B\), so daß \(D_0\) ein komplementärer Mengenverband ist. Die Funktion \(\delta_*\) existiert auf \(D_0\), sie ist monoton wachsend, d. h. aus \(\mathfrak A \subseteq \mathfrak B\) folgt \(\delta_*(\mathfrak A) \le \delta_*(\mathfrak B)\), ferner endlich additiv, d. h. aus \(\mathfrak A \cap \mathfrak B = 0\) folgt \(\delta_*(\mathfrak A \cup \mathfrak B) = \delta_*(\mathfrak A) + \delta_*(\mathfrak B)\), und gegenüber endlichen Abänderungen invariant. Für beliebige Teilmengen \(\mathfrak S \subseteq \mathfrak Z\) wird nunmehr ein äußeres Maß \(\mu(\mathfrak S)\) durch \[ \mu(\mathfrak S) = \inf_{\mathfrak S\subseteq \mathfrak A\subseteq \mathfrak Z} \delta_*(\mathfrak A), \quad \mathfrak A\in\mathfrak D_0, \] erklärt. Für \(\mathfrak A\in D_0\) ist \(\mu(\mathfrak A) = \delta_*(\mathfrak A)\); ferner ist \(\mu\) monoton wachsend, und es gilt \(\mu(\mathfrak S_1 \cup \mathfrak S_2) \le \mu(\mathfrak S_1) + \mu(\mathfrak S_2)\). Als Erweiterung von \(D_0\) im Carathéodoryschen Sinn wird nun bezüglich \(\mu\) die Klasse \(D_\mu\) aller \(\mathfrak S \subseteq \mathfrak Z\) erklärt, für die \(\mu(\mathfrak S) + \mu(\mathfrak S') = 1\) ist, oder, was dasselbe bedeutet, für die es zu jedem \(\varepsilon > 0\) Mengen \(\mathfrak A, \mathfrak B\) in \(D_0\) gibt, so daß \(\mathfrak A \subseteq \mathfrak S\subseteq \mathfrak B\) und \(\delta_*(\mathfrak B) - \delta_*(\mathfrak A) = \delta_*(\mathfrak B - \mathfrak A)<\varepsilon\) ist. Auch \(D_\mu\) bildet einen komplementären Mengenverband, und es ist \[ \mu(\mathfrak S_1 \cup \mathfrak S_2) + \mu(\mathfrak S_1 \cap \mathfrak S_2) = \mu(\mathfrak S_1) + \mu(\mathfrak S_2)\quad\text{für alle } \mathfrak S_1, \mathfrak S_2\text{ aus }D_\mu. \] Die Mengen der Klasse nennt man neuerdings pseudorational. Als Beispiel wird unter anderem die Menge der Quadratzahlen hervorgehoben. Weiter wird gezeigt, daß es zu jeder reellen Zahl \(\rho\) mit \(0\le \rho\le 1\) pseudorationale Mengen \(\mathfrak S\) mit \(\mu(\mathfrak S) = \rho\) gibt, so daß \(D_0\subset D_\mu\) ist. Ferner studiert Verf. noch die Quasiprogressionen \([\alpha x + \beta]\) mit reellen \(\alpha, \beta\), insbesondere irrationalem \(\alpha\). Im letzteren Fall ist das äußere Maß eins, das innere null. Wählt man an Stelle von \(D_0\) im obigen Erweiterungsverfahren die Klasse \(D\) aller Mengen, für die \(\delta_*\) existiert (es ist dann \(D_\mu\subset D)\), so erhält man nur \(D\) selbst wieder, \(D\) (und auch schon \(D_\mu\)) ist in diesem Sinne abgeschlossen. Es folgen einige Betrachtungen, in denen Modifikationen von \(\delta_*\) zugrunde gelegt werden. Schließlich wird noch die Abbildung \(\mathfrak A \to \Gamma(\mathfrak A) = \sum_{n\in\mathfrak A} 2^{-n}\), \(n\ge 1\), definiert, so daß jeder Menge eine reelle Zahl des Intervalls \(\langle 0, 1\rangle\) entspricht. Es wird die Frage aufgeworfen, ob die Punktmenge \(P\), die aus den Bildern aller pseudorationalen Mengen besteht, meßbar (z. B. im Lebesgueschen Sinn) ist. Diese Frage ist inzwischen durch \textit{B. Volkmann} (s. [J. Reine Angew. Math. 190, 199--230 (1952; Zbl 0048.03401)]) positiv entschieden worden: \(P\) hat das Lebesguesche Maß null.
- On the ideal convergence of sequences of fuzzy numbers
- Finitely additive measures on groups and rings
- On the measure on the set of positive integers
- A study on convergence and ideal convergence classes
- Density by moduli and statistical boundedness
- Korovkin type theorems for Cheney-Sharma operators via summability methods
- Subseries of \(\mathcal I\)-convergent series
- Some remarks on countably determined measures and uniform distribution of sequences
- Rates of power series statistical convergence of positive linear operators and power series statistical convergence of \(q\)-Meyer-König and Zeller operators
- Generating subgroups of the circle using a generalized class of density functions
- Solution of a general version of Armacost's problem on topologically torsion elements
- On the uniqueness of \(\mathcal{I}\)-limits of sequences
- Central limit theorem and the distribution of sequences
- On small sets of integers
- Existence of an uncountable tower of Borel subgroups between the Prüfer group and the \(s\)-characterized group
- Some results concerning ideal and classical uniform integrability and mean convergence
- On the density of sumsets
- On a new class of trigonometric thin sets extending Arbault sets
- Statistically characterized subgroups of the circle. II: Continued fractions
- On the concept of \(A\)-statistical uniform integrability and the law of large numbers
- Generating subgroups of the circle using statistical convergence of order \(\alpha\)
- Relatively uniform weighted summability based on fractional-order difference operator
- A Marstrand theorem for measures with polytope density
- Measure density for set decompositions and uniform distribution
- Densities on locally compact Abelian groups
- On the concept of \(B\)-statistical uniform integrability of weighted sums of random variables and the law of large numbers with mean convergence in the statistical sense
- On the additive property of finitely additive measures
- Metrics on \(\mathbb{N}\) and the distribution of sequences
- On -statistical convergence of order of sequences of fuzzy numbers
- On natural density, orthomodular lattices, measure algebras and non-distributive L^p spaces
- Applications of statistical convergence to n-normed spaces
- Range of density measures
- Generalized ideal convergence in probabilistic normed spaces
- Statistical Limit Points
- On Uniform Distribution and the Density of Sum Sets
- Uniform Distribution of Sequences of Integers
- Statistically characterized subgroups of the circle
- I-convergence and extremal I-limit points
- On asymptotically Wijsman deferred statistical equivalence of sequence of sets
- A COUNTABLE ECONOMY: AN EXAMPLE
- On some I-convergent generalized difference sequence spaces associated with multiplier sequence defined by a sequence of modulli
- Probabilistic conditionals are almost monotonic
- scientific article; zbMATH DE number 3815779 (Why is no real title available?)
- Density rate of a set, application to rectifiability results for measurable jets
- scientific article; zbMATH DE number 32907 (Why is no real title available?)
- scientific article; zbMATH DE number 90543 (Why is no real title available?)
- scientific article; zbMATH DE number 90586 (Why is no real title available?)
- scientific article; zbMATH DE number 166928 (Why is no real title available?)
- scientific article; zbMATH DE number 3590757 (Why is no real title available?)
- Lacunary ideal convergence in intuitionistic fuzzy normed linear spaces
- scientific article; zbMATH DE number 566422 (Why is no real title available?)
- Barrelled subspaces of spaces with subseries decompositions or Boolean rings of projections
- scientific article; zbMATH DE number 605265 (Why is no real title available?)
- scientific article; zbMATH DE number 740349 (Why is no real title available?)
- Measure and dimension functions: measurability and densities
- About a forty years old conjecture by P. Erdős
- Some results concerning the summability of spliced sequences
- scientific article; zbMATH DE number 746096 (Why is no real title available?)
- On I-statistical convergence
- On $I$-statistically \(\varphi \)-convergence
- On I-statistically rough convergence
- On Lupaş-Jain-beta operators
- A note on the density of \(k\)-free polynomial sets, Haar measure and global fields
- On the notions of upper and lower density
- I-statistical limit superior and I-statistical limit inferior
- Approximation by Cheney-Sharma Chlodovsky operators
- Density measures and additive property
- Ideal-convergence classes
- On Buck's uniform distribution in compact metric spaces
- scientific article; zbMATH DE number 5030414 (Why is no real title available?)
- scientific article; zbMATH DE number 3322541 (Why is no real title available?)
- The asymptotic density of sequences
- An Isomorphism Theorem for Finitely Additive Measures
- Approximation by Durrmeyer variant of Cheney-Sharma Chlodovsky operators
- Some further remarks on characterized subgroups generated by modular simple density
- NEW CHARACTERIZATIONS OF FUZZY TOPOLOGY
- Eggleston's dichotomy for characterized subgroups and the role of ideals
- Densities on Dedekind domains, completions and Haar measure
- Integrability of sequences
- Summability in topological spaces
- On the density of sumsets. II
- On a new variant of \(\mathcal{I} \)-convergence in topological spaces
- Topologically \(\mathcal{I}\)-torsion elements of the circle
- Lacunary ideal convergence of multiple sequences in probabilistic normed spaces
- On density and independence of sets
- A note on \(\mathcal{I}\)-closure and \(\mathcal{I}\)-hyperconnected spaces
- Statistically characterized subgroups related to some nonarithmetic sequence of integers. II (Characterization for countable subgroups)
- Statistically characterized subgroups related to some non-arithmetic sequence of integers
- The pseudometric topology induced by upper asymptotic density
- A-distributional summability in topological spaces
- Asymptotic approximation by regular languages
- Carathéodory extensions of subclasses of regular languages
- Abel summability in topological spaces
This page was built for publication: The Measure Theoretic Approach to Density
Report a bug (only for logged in users!)Click here to report a bug for this page (MaRDI item Q5838430)