Statistically characterized subgroups related to some non-arithmetic sequence of integers
A sequence of real numbers \((x_n)\) is said to converge to a real number \(x_0\) statistically if there exists a subset \(A\) of \(\mathbb{N}\) of asymptotic density 0, such that \(\lim\limits_{n\in\mathbb{N}\setminus A}x_n=x_0\). Let \((a_n)\) be a sequence of integers, the subgroups \(t_{(a_n)}(\mathbb{T}):=\{x\in\mathbb{T}: a_nx\to 0\text{ in }\mathbb{T}\}\) and \(t^s_{(a_n)}(\mathbb{T}):=\{x\in\mathbb{T}: a_nx\to 0\text{ statistically in }\mathbb{T}\}\) are called a characterized subgroup and a statistically characterized subgroup of \(\mathbb{T}\), respectively.\N\NA sequence of positive integers \((a_n)\) is an arithmetic sequence if \(1=a_0<a_1<\cdots<a_n<\cdots\) and \(a_n|a_{n+1}\) for every \(n\in\mathbb{N}\). The sequence \((a_n)\) is called \(b\)-bounded if the sequence \(\left(\frac{a_n}{a_{n-1}}\right)\) is bounded.\N\NThroughout the article, \((d_n)\) denotes an increasing sequence associated to an arithmetic sequence \((a_n)\) formed by the elements of the set \(\{ra_k:1\leq r<\frac{a_{k+1}}{a_k}\}\), which is non-arithmetic. The authors focus on the statistically characterized subgroups \(t^s_{(d_n)}(\mathbb{T})\) generated by the sequence \((d_n)\). They present examples of sequences \((d_n)\) such that \(t^s_{(d_n)}(\mathbb{T})\neq t_{(d_n)}(\mathbb{T})\), demonstrating the existence of statistically characterized subgroups that are not characterized in the traditional sense.\N\NThe study emphasizes that these statistically characterized subgroups are, for the most part, larger in size and cardinality \(\mathfrak{c}\). This, in turn, resolves an open problem posed by \textit{D. Dikranjan} et al. [Fundam. Math. 249, No. 2, 185--209 (2020; Zbl 1453.22003)]. That open question revolved around whether the notion of a statistically characterized subgroup was genuinely distinct from or broader than classical characterization, especially when using sequences that do not grow in a simple arithmetic or geometric fashion.\N\NThe authors also obtain that \(t^s_{(d_n)}(\mathbb{T})=t^s_{(a_n)}(\mathbb{T})\) as in the classical case for \(b\)-bounded arithmetic sequences.
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