On generalization of Birkhoff's theorem

DOI10.1016/J.GEOMPHYS.2006.09.005MaRDI QIDQ864866zbMATH OpenOpenAlexWikidataFDO

Authors J. Szenthe

Publication date 13 February 2007

Published in Journal of Geometry and Physics (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomphys.2006.09.005

zbMATH Keywords

general relativityLorentz geometryspherically symmetric space-timessymmetries of space-times

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Global differential geometry of Lorentz manifolds, manifolds with indefinite metrics (53C50) Applications of global differential geometry to the sciences (53C80) Classes of solutions; algebraically special solutions, metrics with symmetries for problems in general relativity and gravitational theory (83C20) Gravitational energy and conservation laws; groups of motions (83C40)

Review text

Let \((M, g)\) be a spherically symmetric space-time, i.e., a \(4\)-dimensional time-oriented connected Lorentz manifold with a spherical isometric action \(\Phi: \text{SO}(3)\times M\to M\), namely an isometric action for which the maximum of the dimension of its orbits is \(2.\) A theorem of G.D. Birkhoff states that a spherically symmetric space-time \((M, g)\) with vanishing Ricci curvature admits a Killing field (the so called Birkhoff field) beyond those given by the spherical action and thus it is static under an additional condition motivated by the exterior Schwarzschild space-time. In this case the union of the principal (nonexceptional) orbits forms a connected open dence subset \(M^*\) of \(M\), called the principal part of \(M.\) In this interesting paper the author gives several generalizations of the above result and among others he presents a more general framework of space-times \((M, g)\) which admit an isometric action of a \(3\)-dimensional Lie group \(G\) instead of \(\text{SO}(3).\) In particular, the author shows that if \((M, g)\) is a spherically symmetric space-time, then the principal part \(M^*\) of \(M\) is such that under fairly general global conditions it may be written as a warped product (with warping function \(\rho :L\to \mathbb R^+\)) of a \(2\)-dimensional Lorentz manifold \(L\) (a leaf \(L\) of the distribution orthogonal to the principal orbits) and the \(2\)-sphere, i.e. \(M^*=L\times _{\rho}S^2.\) Also the author shows that given a \(2\)-dimensional connected time-oriented Lorentz manifold \(L\) with Killing field \(S\) on \(L\) and a smooth function \(\rho :L\to \mathbb R^+\) (the so called ``radial function) which is a first integral of \(S\), the spherically symmetric space-time given by the warped product \(Q=L\times _{\rho}S^2\) admits a Birkhoff field \(X\) which is a canonical lift of the Killing field \(S\) of \((L, g).\) Finally, necessary and sufficient conditions are given on the gradient and Laplacian of the radial function for the existence of a Birkhoff field.

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Cited in

(23)

• Some global generalizations of the Birkhoff-Kellogg theorem and applications
• The problem of space-time symmetries in the theory of supergravity. V: Weak-field Birkhoff theorem in simple supergravity
• An addendum to Birkhoff's theorem
• A new proof of Birkhoff's theorem
• Birkhoff theorem and matter
• The Birkhoff theorem in multidimensional gravity
• The tetralogy of Birkhoff theorems
• Birkhoff's theorem with -term and Bertotti-Kasner space
• On refinement of the generalized Bendixson theorem
• Generalizing Birkhoff
• Hypersurface data: general properties and Birkhoff theorem in spherical symmetry
• On the general spherically symmetric solutions of Einstein's gravitational equations in vacuo (translation from the German original by S. Antoci and D. Liebscher).
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• Junction conditions for null hypersurfaces
• Is Birkhoff's theorem valid in Einstein-aether theory?
• A geometric approach to the classification of the equilibrium shapes of self-gravitating fluids

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