On subgroup distortion in finitely presented groups
computable functionsdefining relationsfinitely presented groupsgenerating setsHigman's theoremisomorphic embeddingslength functionsrecursively enumerable setsuniversal groups
Recursive functions and relations, subrecursive hierarchies (03D20) Graphs and abstract algebra (groups, rings, fields, etc.) (05C25) Subgroup theorems; subgroup growth (20E07) Generators, relations, and presentations of groups (20F05) Word problems, other decision problems, connections with logic and automata (group-theoretic aspects) (20F10) Geometric group theory (20F65)
Let \(G\) be a group generated by a finite set \({\mathcal A}=\{a_1,\dots,a_m\}\). Then the length \(| g|=| g|_{\mathcal A}\) of an element \(g\) is the length \(\| w\|\) of the shortest word \(w\) on the alphabet \({\mathcal A}^{\pm 1}\) representing the element \(g\). If there exists an isomorphic embedding \(G\hookrightarrow H\) and \(H\) is generated by a set \({\mathcal B}=\{b_1,\dots, b_n\}\) then \(| g|_{\mathcal B}=c| g|_{\mathcal A}\) for some constant \(c\) independent of the element \(g\). In particular, if \(G=\langle{\mathcal A}\rangle=\langle{\mathcal B}\rangle\), then there exist positive constants \(c_1,c_2\) such that \(c_1| g|_{\mathcal A}\leq| g|_{\mathcal B}\leq c_2| g|_{\mathcal A}\) for every \(g\in G\). The functions \(\ell_1,\ell_2\colon G\to\mathbb{N}\) are said to be equivalent if there are positive constants \(c_1,c_2\) such that \(c_1\ell_1(g)\leq\ell_2(g)\leq c_2\ell_1(g)\) for every element \(g\in G\). A function \(\ell\colon G\to\mathbb{N}\) is said to be computable if for each representation of an arbitrary element \(g\) as a word on some generating set one can algorithmically compute \(\ell(g)\). Theorem 2. Let \(\ell\colon G\to\mathbb{N}\) be a computable function satisfying the following conditions: (D1) \(\ell(g)=\ell(g^{-1})\) for every \(g\in G\) and \(\ell(g)=0\) if and only if \(g=1\); (D2) \(\ell(gh)=\ell(g)+\ell(h)\), \(g,h\in G\); (D3) there exists a positive number \(a\) such that \(\text{card}\{g\in G\mid\ell(g)\leq r\}\leq a^r\) for every \(r\in\mathbb{N}\). Then there exists an isomorphic embedding \(G\hookrightarrow H\) where \(H\) is a finitely presented group such that \(\ell\) is equivalent to the restriction of \(|\;|_H\) to \(G\). The following theorem is a refinement of Higman's theorem. Theorem 3. Let \(R\) be a group with a finite set of generators \(\mathcal A\) and a recursively enumerable set of (defining) relations. Then there exists an isomorphic embedding \(R\hookrightarrow H\) where \(H\) has a finite set of generators \(\mathcal B\) and finite set of defining relations such that \(| g|_{\mathcal A}=| g|_{\mathcal B}\) for any \(g\in G\). The following theorem gives a possibility to choose a universal group \(U\). Theorem 4. There exists a group \(U\) having a finite set of generators \(\mathcal B\) and finite set of defining relations satisfying the following property: for every group \(H\) with finite set of generators \(\mathcal A\) and a recursively enumerable set of defining relations there exists an isomorphic embedding \(H\hookrightarrow U\) such that \(| g|_{\mathcal A}\leq| g|_{\mathcal B}\) for all \(g\in H\).
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