On the rational generating functions of Toeplitz matrices

DOI10.1016/J.LAA.2025.12.012MaRDI QIDQ6876132zbMATH OpenFDO

Authors Bohui Ban, Xu-Zhou Zhan, Yongjian Hu

Publication date 13 January 2026

Published in Linear Algebra and its Applications (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://doi.org/10.1016/J.LAA.2025.12.012

characteristic degree characteristic polynomial pair McMillan degree rational generating function Toeplitz matrix

Toeplitz, Cauchy, and related matrices (15B05) Polynomials and rational functions of one complex variable (30C10) Approximation by rational functions (41A20)

Review text

In their 2010 paper [Oper. Theory: Adv. Appl. 199, 25--118 (2010; Zbl 1203.15020)] \textit{G. Heinig} and \textit{K. Rost}, introduced the rational generating functions for an \(n \times n\) Toeplitz matrix and presented a parameterized formula for the rational generating functions with McMillan degree \(n\) when the Toeplitz matrix is nonsingular. Building on this pioneering work, the authors of the present paper study the rational generating functions of an arbitrary nonzero Toeplitz matrix (not necessarily square) with a prescribed allowable McMillan degree.\N\NDenote the monic greatest common divisor of a pair of complex polynomials \(s(z)\) and \(t(z)\) by \(\text{gcd}\big(s(z), t(z)\big)\). If \(r(z)\) is a nonzero rational function, then there exists a pair of nonzero polynomials \(s(z)\) and \(t(z)\) such that \N\[\Nf(z) = \frac{s(z)}{t(z)},\quad\gcd\big(s(z), t(z)\big)=1.\N\]\NThe McMillan degree of the rational function \(r(z)\) is defined by \N\[\N\deg r(z) :=~ \max\big\{\deg\,s(z) \;,\; \deg\,t(z)\big\}.\N\]\NGiven a nonzero Toeplitz matrix \(T := (a_{i-j})_{i,j=0}^{m-1,n-1} \in \mathbb{C}^{m \times n}\) with \({a_0 = a_0^+ + a_0^-}\), the rational generating function problem can be formulated in the following way: find all rational functions \(\varphi(z)\) with prescribed mcMillan degree, whose power series expansions at the origin and at infinity are \N\[\N\varphi(z) = a_0^+ +a_1z + a_2z^2 + \dots + a_{m-1}z^{m-1} + \mathcal{O}(z^m)\quad (z \rightarrow 0),\N\]\Nand \N\[\N\varphi(z) = -a_0^- - \frac{a_{-1}}{z} - \frac{a_{-2}}{z^2} - \dots - \frac{a_{1-n}}{z^{n-1}} + \mathcal{O}(z^{-n})\quad (z \rightarrow \infty),\N\] \Nrespectively. If a rational function \(\varphi(z)\) with \(\deg \varphi(z) = r\) both of the above, then \(\varphi(z)\) is referred to as a rational generating function of \(T\) with McMillan degree \(r\). In this case, \(r\) is referred to as an allowable McMillan degree of \(T\).\N\NTwo questions naturally arise here:\N\begin{itemize}\N\item[1.] Which positive integer is an allowable McMillan degree of \(T\)?\N\item[2.] How to describe the rational generating functions with a prescribed allowable McMillan degree?\N\end{itemize}\N\NIn the present paper, the authors provide complete answers to these two questions in the case where \(T\) is a nonzero Toeplitz matrix by introducing the \textit{characteristic degrees} and the \textit{characteristic polynomial pair of \(T\)}. It is important to emphasize that the characteristic degrees defined here are different from the characteristics of a nonzero Toeplitz matrix as defined and used by Heinig and Rost [loc. cit.].\N\NAt the end of the paper, the authors present two examples to demonstrate the feasibility and efficiency of their proposed method.

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