Periodic shadowing of vector fields
Let \(M\) be a compact smooth Riemannian manifold without boundary, and denote by \(\mathcal{X}^1(M)\) the set of \(C^1\)-vector fields of \(M\) equipped with the \(C^1\)-topology. We say that \(X \in \mathcal{X}^1(M)\) has the periodic shadowing property if for any \(\epsilon >0\), there exists a \(\delta>0\) such that for any periodic \(\delta\)-pseudo orbit \(g\) of \(X\), \(g\) is \(\epsilon\)-shadowed by a periodic orbit or a singularity of \(X\), where \(g : \mathbb{R} \to M\) is a map (not necessarily continuous). The main result of this paper is that \(X\) is in the \(C^1\)-interior of the set of vector fields having the periodic shadowing property if and only if \(X\) is \(\Omega\)-stable.NEWLINENEWLINEA vector field \(X \in \mathcal{X}^1(M)\) is said to have the Lipschitz periodic shadowing property if there exist two positive constants \(\epsilon\) and \(L\) such that if \(g\) is a periodic \(\delta\)-pseudo orbit for some \(\delta < \epsilon\), then \(g\) is \(L\delta\)-shadowed by a periodic orbit or a singularity of \(X\). A vector field \(X \in \mathcal{X}^1(M)\) is said to have the orbital periodic shadowing property if for any \(\epsilon> 0\) there exists a constant \(\delta>0\) such that for any periodic \(\delta\)-pseudo orbit \(g\) of \(X\), there exists a point \(x \in M\) which is a periodic point or a singularity of \(X\) satisfying \(d_H(g(\mathbb{R}), \mathrm{Orb}(x))< \epsilon\), where \(d_H\) is the Hausdorff metric, and \(\mathrm{Orb}(x)\) is the orbit of \(x\) for the integrated flow of \(X\). We see that the notion of the Lipschitz periodic shadowing property is stronger than that of the periodic shadowing property, and the notion of the orbital periodic shadowing property is weaker than that of the periodic shadowing property by definition. Let \(X \in \mathcal{X}^1(M)\), then, as a corollary of the main result, we have that the following statements are mutually equivalent; (i) \(X\) is \(\Omega\)-stable, (ii) \(X\) is in the \(C^1\)-interior of the set of vector fields having the periodic shadowing property, (iii) \(X\) is in the \(C^1\)-interior of the set of vector fields having the orbital periodic shadowing property, and (iv) \(X\) has the Lipschitz periodic shadowing property.
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