Structural stability of vector fields with shadowing
Dynamical systems involving transformations and group actions with special properties (minimality, distality, proximality, expansivity, etc.) (37B05) Dynamics induced by flows and semiflows (37C10) Generic properties, structural stability of dynamical systems (37C20) Approximate trajectories (pseudotrajectories, shadowing, etc.) in smooth dynamics (37C50) Uniformly hyperbolic systems (expanding, Anosov, Axiom A, etc.) (37D20)
It is well known that Axiom A (hyperbolicity of the nonwandering set) and the strong transversality condition (transversality of stable and unstable manifolds) are necessary and sufficient conditions for a \(C^1\) vector field on a closed Riemannian manifold to be \(C^1\) structurally stable, see \textit{S. Hayashi} [Ann. Math. (2) 145, 81--137 (1997; Zbl 0871.58067); correction ibid. 150, 353--356 (1999; Zbl 1157.37317)] and \textit{L. Wen} [J. Differ. Equations 129, 334--357 (1996; Zbl 0866.58050)]. On the other hand, structurally stable flows are known to have the shadowing property, see \textit{S. Yu. Pilyugin} [J. Differ. Equations 140, 238--265 (1997; Zbl 0965.37024)]. The shadowing property is defined as follows. Let \(\text{\textbf{Rep}}\) be the set of increasing homeomorphisms \(\alpha:{\mathbb R}\rightarrow {\mathbb R}\) satisfying \(\alpha(0)=0\). Fix \(\varepsilon >0\) and define \(\text{\textbf{Rep}}(\varepsilon)=\{\alpha\in \text{\textbf{Rep}}: | \alpha(t)/t-1| <\varepsilon\}\). Let \(X_t\) be the flow of a \(C^1\) vector field \(X\) on a closed Riemannian manifold \(M\). We say that a (non necessarily continuous) mapping \(\Psi:{\mathbb R}\rightarrow M\) is a \((\delta,1)\)-pseudo-orbit of \(X_t\) if we have \(d(X_t(\Psi(\tau)),\Psi(\tau+t))<\delta\) for every \(\tau\in {\mathbb R}\) and every \(| t| \leq 1\). We say that \(X\) has the shadowing property if, given \(\varepsilon>0\), there is \(\delta>0\) such that for every \((\delta,1)\)-pseudo-orbit of the flow \(X_t\) there are a point \(y\in M\) and \(\alpha\in\text{\textbf{Rep}}(\varepsilon)\) such that \(d(X_{\alpha(t)}(y),\Psi(t))<\varepsilon\) for every \(t\). The main theorem of the paper under review is: if a \(C^1\) vector field has no singularities, then it is in the \(C^1\) interior of the family of vector fields having the shadowing property if and only if it satisfies both Axiom A and the strong transversality condition, that is, it is structurally stable.
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