Positive definite functions depending on the norm
For a normed real linear space \(E\), let \(\Phi(E)\) be the set of functions \(f:[0, \infty)\to\mathbb{R}\) such that \(F, F(x):= f(\| x\|)\), is positive definite on \(E\) (i.e. \(\sum^n_{j, k=1} c_k\overline{c_j} f(x_j- x_k)\geq 0\) for all natural \(n\), \(x_j\in E\), complex \(c_j\)) and continuous on all finite-dimensional subspaces of \(E\). The main result is: If there exist linearly independent \(u\), \(v\), \(w\in E\) with \(H(y):= G(1, y_1,y_2)/\| w+ y_1u+ y_2v\|\in L_1(\mathbb{R}^2)\), where \(G(t, y_1,y_2):= \partial\| tw+ y_1u+ y_2 v\|/\partial t\), then \(\Phi(E)\) contains only constants. This can be applied to the following \(E\): \(l^n_p\), \(3\leq n\leq\infty\), \(2<p\leq\infty\); \(L_p(\mu, \mathbb{R})\), \(2<p\leq \infty\), \(\dim L_p(\mu, \mathbb{R})\geq 3\), \(\mu\) a measure on a \(\sigma\)-algebra; \(C_{bd}(M, \mathbb{R})=\) bounded continuous real-valued functions on the metric space \(M\), with \(\text{card }M\geq 3\) and sup-norm; \(M(K,\mathbb{R})=\) bounded real functions on a set \(K\), with sup-norm and \(\text{card }K\geq 3\). Similarly, for \(\dim E=2\) with basis \(u\), \(v\) such that \(G(1, y)\in L_1(\mathbb{R})\), \(G(t, y):=\partial\| tu+ yv\|/\partial t\), if \(f\in\Phi(E)\) with \(f'(0+)= 0\), then \(f\equiv f(0)\). With these results a problem of Schoenberg is settled: If \(2<p\leq\infty\), \(2\leq n\), then \(\exp(-\| x\|^\beta_p)\) is positive definite on \(\mathbb{R}^n\) iff \(0\leq \beta\leq 1\) for \(n= 2\) and \(\beta= 0\) for \(n\geq 3\). Also, connections with a more general problem of Eaton are discussed and a characterization of uniformly convex functions via \(\Phi(E)\) is given.
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