Primitive two-dimensional prime-universality of quadratic forms

Quadratic forms over local rings and fields (11E08) Quadratic forms over global rings and fields (11E12) General ternary and quaternary quadratic forms; forms of more than two variables (11E20) Sums of squares and representations by other particular quadratic forms (11E25)

Review text

In the paper under review, the author studies the \(2\)-dimensional analogue of primitive representation of \(A\) by a quadratic form \(Q\) by restricting to the cases when \(A\) has a local Jordan decomposition of specific types. Then using the ``local-global principle and applying to the cases when \(A\) is a member of some prime analogues in matrices, the author determines some simple set of local criteria for which a quadratic form \(Q\) can primitively represent these prime matrices universally.\N\NMore precisely, one says that a positive definite quadratic form \(Q\) is (primitively) \({\mathbb S}\)-universal if it (primitively) represents all quadratic forms from the set \({\mathbb S}\) (the role played by \(A\), which is a binary form in the case considered in the paper under review). In terms of matrices, this means that for every \(A\in {\mathbb S}\), there exists \(b\) such that \(Q[b]:={}^tbQb=A\) and the primitive representation \(b\) means that the greatest common divisor of its minors of order \(\dim A\) equals \(1\). Now if \(\dim A=1\) and \(\mathbb S\) is the set of prime numbers, denoted by \(\mathbb P\), then this is the classical case of universal representation of prime numbers. In the paper under review, the author considers the case \(\dim A=2\) and \(\mathbb S\in \{S,T\},\) where \N\[\NS=\left\{p\left(\begin{array}{cc}1&0\\\N0&1\end{array}\right),\text{ where }p\in {\mathbb P}\right\},\N\]\Nand \(T=\cup_{p\in {\mathbb P}}T_p\) with \(T_p\) defined by \N\[\NT_p=\left\{p\left(\begin{array}{cc}a&c\\\Nc&b\end{array}\right),\text{ where }a,b\in {\mathbb N},c\in {\mathbb Z},ab-c^2>0\text{ is square-free and }ab-c^2\not\equiv 0\pmod p\right\}.\N\]\NThen, in Section 2, after a lengthy preparation, the author states Theorem 1 which contains local descriptions of quadratic forms \(Q\) such that \(Q\) primitively represent the binary forms with Jordan decomposition \(A=A_1,A=A_1\oplus pA_p\) or \(A=pA_p\) over the odd ring \({\mathbb Z}_p\) (see [\textit{J. H. Conway} and \textit{N. J. A. Sloane}, Sphere packings, lattices and groups. New York, etc.: Springer-Verlag (1988; Zbl 0634.52002)] for more details about the Jordan decomposition). In Section 3, the author combines the local results on odd rings \({\mathbb Z}_p\) with local results on \({\mathbb Z}_{-1}\) and \({\mathbb Z}_2\) to prove Theorem 2 on global primitive representations of all binary forms \(A\in S\) by a genus of quadratic forms \(Q\) with odd determinant, and Theorem 3 on global primitive representations of all binary forms \(A\in T\) by a genus of quadratic forms \(Q\) with odd determinant. The author remarks that obviously Theorem 3 works for the set \(S\), but the result in Theorem 2 is stronger, and it can be seen that the minimum dimension of \(Q\) is four for the set \(S\) and the minimum dimension of \(Q\) is five for the set \(T.\) To facilitate understanding, the author gives 11 examples to illustrate the results from the theorems.\N\NThe general strategy is a case-by-case analysis, using the references of \textit{V. G. Zhuravlev} [St. Petersbg. Math. J. 8, No. 1, 21--112 (1996; Zbl 0866.11028); translation from Algebra Anal. 8, No. 1, 21--112 (1996); Izv. Math. 63, No. 1, 73--102 (1999; Zbl 0976.11020); translation from Izv. Ross. Akad. Nauk, Ser. Mat. 63, No. 1, 77--106 (1999); Izv. Math. 65, No. 6, 1085--1126 (2001; Zbl 1044.11012); translation from Izv. Ross. Akad. Nauk, Ser. Mat. 65, No. 6, 15--56 (2001)].

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