Product numerical range in a space with tensor product structure

DOI10.1016/J.LAA.2010.08.026MaRDI QIDQ609509zbMATH OpenOpenAlexWikidataFDO

Authors Zbigniew Puchała, Piotr Gawron, Jarosław Adam Miszczak, Łukasz Skowronek, Man-Duen Choi, Karol Życzkowski

Publication date 1 December 2010

Published in Linear Algebra and its Applications (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1008.3482

eigenvalues Hermitian matrix numerical range tensor product Hilbert space

Eigenvalues, singular values, and eigenvectors (15A18) Norms of matrices, numerical range, applications of functional analysis to matrix theory (15A60) Multilinear algebra, tensor calculus (15A69) Hermitian, skew-Hermitian, and related matrices (15B57) Numerical range, numerical radius (47A12)

Abstract: We study operators acting on a tensor product Hilbert space and investigate their product numerical range, product numerical radius and separable numerical range. Concrete bounds for the product numerical range for Hermitian operators are derived. Product numerical range of a non-Hermitian operator forms a subset of the standard numerical range containing the barycenter of the spectrum. While the latter set is convex, the product range needs not to be convex nor simply connected. The product numerical range of a tensor product is equal to the Minkowski product of numerical ranges of individual factors.

Review text

For an operator \(A\) on the bipartite tensor product Hilbert space \(H_K\otimes H_M\), where \(H_K\) and \(H_M\) are of dimensions \(K\) and \(M\), respectively, its product numerical range \(\Lambda^\otimes(A)\) is, by definition, \(\{\langle A(x\otimes y),x\otimes y\rangle: x\in H_K\) and \(y\in H_M\) are unit vectors\}. The purpose of this paper is to launch a study of the basic properties of product numerical ranges. Among other things, it is shown that {\parindent6mm \begin{itemize}\item[(1)] \(\Lambda^\otimes(A)\) always contains \((\text{tr\,}A)/(KM)\), \item[(2)] \(\Lambda^\otimes(A)\) is not necessarily convex, \item[(3)] \(\Lambda^\otimes(A_1\otimes A_2)\) is simply connected, \item[(4)] \(\Lambda^\otimes(A)\) is a closed interval \([\lambda^\otimes_{\min},\lambda^\otimes_{\max}]\) of the real line with \(\lambda^\otimes_{\min}\leq \lambda_{(K-1)(M- 1)+1}\) and \(\lambda^\otimes_{\max}\geq \lambda_{K+M-1}\) if \(A\) is Hermitian with eigenvalues \(\lambda_1\leq\cdots\leq \lambda_{MK}\). \end{itemize}} Many of these also hold for operators on multipartite tensor product Hilbert spaces, but not (3), which is not true even for the threefold case. The paper ends with some open problems. Samples: (a) determine \(\lambda^\otimes_{\min}\) and \(\lambda^\otimes_{\max}\) for a Hermitian \(A\), (b) determine \(\Lambda^\otimes(U)\) for a unitary operator \(U\), and (c) is \(\Lambda^\otimes(A\otimes B)\) always star-shaped?

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