Real numerical shadow and generalized B-splines

DOI10.1016/J.LAA.2015.03.029MaRDI QIDQ2348010zbMATH OpenOpenAlexWikidataFDO

Authors Łukasz Pawela, Zbigniew Puchała, Karol Życzkowski, Charles F. Dunkl, Piotr Gawron

Publication date 10 June 2015

Published in Linear Algebra and its Applications (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1409.4941

zbMATH Keywords

B-splinesnumerical rangenumerical shadowprobability measures

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Classical hypergeometric functions, ({}_2F_1) (33C05) Numerical range, numerical radius (47A12) Geometric constructions in real or complex geometry (51M15) Probability measures on topological spaces (60B05) Quantum state spaces, operational and probabilistic concepts (81P16)

Abstract: Restricted numerical shadow $P_A^X(z)$ of an operator $A$ of order $N$ is a probability distribution supported on the numerical range $W_X(A)$ restricted to a certain subset $X$ of the set of all pure states - normalized, one-dimensional vectors in ${mathbbC}^N$. Its value at point $zinmathbbC$ equals to the probability that the inner product $<u|A|u>$ is equal to $z$, where $u$ stands for a random complex vector from the set $X$ distributed according to the natural measure on this set, induced by the unitarily invariant Fubini-Study measure. For a Hermitian operator $A$ of order $N$ we derive an explicit formula for its shadow restricted to real states, $P_A^{mathbbR}(x)$, show relation of this density to the Dirichlet distribution and demonstrate that it forms a generalization of the $B$-spline. Furthermore, for operators acting on a space with tensor product structure, ${calH}_{A}otimes{calH}_B$, we analyze the shadow restricted to the set of maximally entangled states and derive distributions for operators of order N=4.

Review text

In this paper, the authors analyze probability distributions on the complex plane induced by projecting the set of quantum states (i.e., Hermitian, positive and normalized matrices of a given size \(N\)), endowed with a certain probability measure. In the case of unique, unitarily invariant Haar measure on the set of complex pure states, this distribution coincides with the standard numerical shadow of a certain matrix \(A\) of size \(N\). The main result of this paper establishes an explicit exact formula for the real shadow of any real symmetric \(A\) with prescribed spectrum.

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Cites work

• Geometry of Quantum States
• scientific article; zbMATH DE number 3489473 (Why is no real title available?)
• scientific article; zbMATH DE number 3535015 (Why is no real title available?)
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• Numerical measure of a complex matrix
• Numerical shadow and geometry of quantum states
• Numerical shadows: measures and densities on the numerical range
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Cited in

(4)

• Classification of joint numerical ranges of three Hermitian matrices of size three
• Numerical shadow and geometry of quantum states
• Numerical measure of a complex matrix
• Numerical shadows: measures and densities on the numerical range

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