Real numerical shadow and generalized B-splines (Q2348010)

In this paper, the authors analyze probability distributions on the complex plane induced by projecting the set of quantum states (i.e., Hermitian, positive and normalized matrices of a given size \(N\)), endowed with a certain probability measure. In the case of unique, unitarily invariant Haar measure on the set of complex pure states, this distribution coincides with the standard numerical shadow of a certain matrix \(A\) of size \(N\). The main result of this paper establishes an explicit exact formula for the real shadow of any real symmetric \(A\) with prescribed spectrum.