Product set growth in virtual subgroups of mapping class groups
For a finite subset \(U\) of a group \(G\), its \(n^{\text{th}}\) product set is \[\NU^n = \{ u_1 \ldots u_n~|~ u_1, \ldots, u_n \in U\}.\N\]\NThe study of growth in groups is the study of how \(|U^n|\) behaves as \(n\) varies. For infinite groups, the classical notion of group growth is when \(G\) is taken to be finitely generated and \(U\) is taken to be a ball in \(G\) with respect to the word metric induced by some finite generating set \(S\). The usual question that is asked is whether \(|U^n|\) grows like a polynomial function as \(n \to \infty\), an exponential function, or if it lies somewhere between the two. In finite groups, on the other hand, there is little interest in estimating \(|U^n|\) for large powers of \(n\), as this is bounded above by the size of the group and so will eventually become constant.\N\NIn this paper, the main question combines aspects of these two cases. The author consider infinite groups and for \(U\) a general finite subset, she would like to estimate \(|U^n|\) for every \(n \in \mathbb{N}\). On the other hand, instead of only being concerned with the asymptotic profile of \(|U^n|\), she is interested in getting an explicit lower bound on \(|U^n|\), with this lower bound dependent on the size of \(U\). The main result of this paper is the following theorem. Let \(MCG(S)\) be a mapping class group and let \(G\) be a group which virtually embeds into \(MCG(S)\). There exist \(\alpha, \beta > 0\) such that for every finite symmetric \(U \subset G\), at least one of the following must hold:\N\N(1) \(\langle U \rangle\) has a finite-index subgroup with infinite centre.\N\N(2) \(|U^n| \geq (\alpha |U|)^{\beta n}\) for every \(n \in \mathbb{N}\).
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