Products of differences over arbitrary finite fields
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Abstract: There exists an absolute constant such that for all and all subsets of the finite field with elements, if , then [ |(A-A)(A-A)| = |{ (a -b) (c-d) : a,b,c,d in A}| > frac{q}{2}. ] Any suffices for sufficiently large . This improves the condition , due to Bennett, Hart, Iosevich, Pakianathan, and Rudnev, that is typical for such questions. Our proof is based on a qualitatively optimal characterisation of sets for which the number of solutions to the equation [ (a_1-a_2) = x (a_3-a_4) , , ; a_1,a_2, a_3, a_4 in A, x in X ] is nearly maximum. A key ingredient is determining exact algebraic structure of sets for which is nearly minimum, which refines a result of Bourgain and Glibichuk using work of Gill, Helfgott, and Tao. We also prove a stronger statement for [ (A-B)(C-D) = { (a -b) (c-d) : a in A, b in B, c in C, d in D} ] when are sets in a prime field, generalising a result of Roche-Newton, Rudnev, Shkredov, and the authors.
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