Proof of two conjectures for perturbed piecewise linear Hamiltonian systems
Discontinuous ordinary differential equations (34A36) Theory of limit cycles of polynomial and analytic vector fields (existence, uniqueness, bounds, Hilbert's 16th problem and ramifications) for ordinary differential equations (34C07) Bifurcation theory for ordinary differential equations (34C23) Homoclinic and heteroclinic solutions to ordinary differential equations (34C37) Perturbations, asymptotics of solutions to ordinary differential equations (34E10) Periodic, homoclinic and heteroclinic orbits of finite-dimensional Hamiltonian systems (37J46)
Consider the planar piecewise Hamiltonian vector fields \(X\) and \(Y\) given by the Hamiltonian functions\N\[\NX: \left\{\begin{array}{ll} x-\frac{1}{2}x^2+\frac{1}{2}y^2 &\text{ if } x\geqslant 0, \\\N\frac{1}{2}x^2+\frac{1}{2}y^2 &\text{ if } x<0, \end{array}\right.\N\]\N\[\NY: \left\{\begin{array}{ll} x-\frac{1}{2}x^2+\frac{1}{2}y^2 &\text{ if } x\geqslant 0, \\\N-x-\frac{1}{2}x^2+\frac{1}{2}y^2 &\text{ if } x<0. \end{array}\right.\N\]\NWe observe that \(X\) has a saddle point \(r=(1,0)\) with a homoclinic loop and \(Y\) has two saddles \(r^\pm=(\pm1,0)\) forming a polycycle.\N\NGiven \(n\in\mathbb{N}\) let \(Z_X(n)\) and \(Z_Y(n)\) denote the maximum number of limit cycles bifurcating from the period annuluses of these polycycles under piecewise polynomial perturbations of maximum degree \(n\).\N\NThe authors of [Zbl 1264.34073] and [Zbl 1342.34051] proved that\N\[\NZ_X(n)=n+\left[\frac{n+1}{2}\right], \quad Z_Y(n)=n,\N\]\Nfor \(n\in\{1,2,3,4\}\) and\N\[\Nn+\left[\frac{n+1}{2}\right]\leqslant Z_X(n)\leqslant 2n+\left[\frac{n+1}{2}\right], \quad n\leqslant Z_Y(n)\leqslant n+\left[\frac{n+1}{2}\right],\N\]\Nfor \(n\geqslant 5\). They also conjectured that \(Z_X(n)\) and \(Z_Y(n)\) are equal to their lower bounds for every \(n\geqslant5\).\N\NIn this paper the authors proves that these conjectures are true. That is, they prove that\N\[\NZ_X(n)=n+\left[\frac{n+1}{2}\right], \quad Z_Y(n)=n,\N\]\Nfor every \(n\in\mathbb{N}\).\N\NThe proof follows by considering the generating functions of the Melnikov function of first order and proving that these generating functions form an \textit{extended complete Chebyshev system}.
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