Prosolvable rigidity of surface groups
For the authors of the paper, a \textit{surface group} is the fundamental group of a compact closed surface of negative Euler characteristic. For a prime \(p\), a group \(G\) is said to be \(\mathrm{FP}_2(\mathbb{F}_p)\) if the trivial \(\mathbb{F}_p[G]\)-module \(\mathbb{F}_p\) admits a projective resolution \(P_* \to \mathbb{F}_p \to 0\) with \(P_i\) being finitely generated for \(i \leq 2\). Such a group of cohomological dimension \(2\) is said to be \textit{Poincaré duality of dimension two over \(\mathbb{F}_p\) at \(p\)} if \(H^1(G;\mathbb{F}_p[G]) = 0\) and \(H^2(G;\mathbb{F}_p[G]) \cong \mathbb{F}_p\) as \(\mathbb{F}_p[G]\)-modules. It is known that such a torsion-free Poincaré duality group is a surface group.\N\NThe focus of this paper is the identification of certain groups as being surface groups, which leads to several applications. A group \(G\) is said to be \textit{residually finite rationally solvable} (RFRS) if there exists a chain of finite index normal subgroups \(G = H_0 > H_1 > \cdots\) with trivial intersection, such that each \(H_{i+1}\) contains a normal subgroup \(K_{i+1}\) with \(H_i/K_{i+1}\) being torsion-free abelian. For an extension-closed pseudovariety \({\mathcal V}\) of finite solvable groups, if each \(G/H_i\) is in \({\mathcal V}\), \(G\) is said to be \({\mathcal V}\)-RFRS. The main result is that, for a prime \(p\), if \(G\) is a \(\mathcal{V}\)-RFRS group that is cohomologically ``\(p\)-good (relative to \(\mathcal{V}\)) of type \(\mathrm{FP}_2(\mathbb{F}_p)\) for which a certain pro-finite completion is Poincaré duality of dimension two at \(p\), then \(G\) is a surface group. This is shown by verifying the above cohomological conditions on \(H^i(G; \mathbb{F}_p[G])\).\N\NA first application of this is to profinite (and prosolvable) rigidity: that a group is determined by its finite (solvable) quotients. It is shown that finitely generated groups of cohomological dimension two with vanishing second \(L^2\)-Betti number are profinitely (and prosolvably) rigid. A second application is to the notion of ``measure equivalence in free groups. For certain finitely generated free groups \(F\), it is shown that if elements \(u, w \in F\) are measure equivalent in the class of finite solvable groups (or a more general pseudovariety of groups), then there exists an automorphism of \(F\) that maps \(u\) to \(w\).\N\NFinally, the authors consider a conjecture of Mel'nikov on the characterization of what are now called Mel'nikov groups, that is, finitely generated groups all of whose subgroups of finite index are one-relator groups. Let \(F\) be a free group on at least three generators and \(w \in F\). Set \(G := F/\langle\langle w\rangle\rangle\) and suppose that \(G\) is a residually finite Mel'nikov group. It is shown that \(G\) is \(2\)-free. Moreover, if \(H^2(H;\mathbb{F}_p) \neq 0\) for some prime \(p\) and finite index subgroup \(H\) of \(G\), then \(G\) is a surface group. If all such second cohomology groups vanish, then the completion \(\widehat{G}\) must be a projective profinite group.
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