Affine Demazure modules and T-fixed point subschemes in the affine Grassmannian

Grassmannians, Schubert varieties, flag manifolds (14M15) Kac-Moody (super)algebras; extended affine Lie algebras; toroidal Lie algebras (17B67) Vertex operators; vertex operator algebras and related structures (17B69)

Abstract: Let

G

be a simple algebraic group of type

A

or

D

defined over

C

and

T

be a maximal torus of

G

. For a dominant coweight

l a m b d a

of

G

, the

T

-fixed point subscheme

of the Schubert variety

in the affine Grassmannian

G r_{G}

is a finite scheme. We prove that there is a natural isomorphism between the dual of the level one affine Demazure module corresponding to

l a m b d a

and the ring of functions (twisted by certain line bundle on

G r_{G}

) of

. We use this fact to give a geometric proof of the Frenkel-Kac-Segal isomorphism between basic representations of affine algebras of

A, D, E

type and lattice vertex algebras.

Review text

A geometrical proof of the Frenkel-Kac-Segal isomorphism is given. In the following, \(G\) will be always a simple, connected algebraic group over \(\mathbb{C}\) with Lie algebra \(\mathfrak{g}\). Let \(\hat{\mathfrak{g}}=\mathfrak{g}\otimes\mathbb{C}[t,t^{-1}]\oplus \mathbb{C}K\) be the associated untwisted affine Kac-Moody algebra. Given a positive integer \(k\), let \(\mathbb{V}(k\Lambda)=Ind_{\mathfrak{g}\otimes\mathbb{C}[t]\oplus \mathbb{C}K}^{\hat{\mathfrak{g}}}\mathbb{C}\) be the level \(k\) module of \(\hat{\mathfrak{g}}\) and let \(\mathbb{L}(k\Lambda)\) be its unique irreducible quotient; \(\mathbb{V}(k\Lambda)\) and \(\mathbb{L}(k\Lambda)\) have a structure of vertex algebra. Let \(\mathfrak{t}\subset\mathfrak{g}\) be a Cartan algebra and let \(\hat{\mathfrak{t}}\subset\hat{\mathfrak{g}}\) be the associated Heisenberg Lie algebras. Let \(V_{R_{G}}\) be \(\bigoplus_{\lambda\in R_{G}}\pi_{\lambda}\) where \(R_{G}\) is the coroot lattice of \(\mathfrak{g}\) and \(\pi_{\lambda}\) is the Fock module of \(\mathfrak{t}\) with highest weight \(\iota\lambda\). If \(\mathfrak{g}\) is simply-laced, then \(V_{R_{G}}\) have a structure of vertex algebras and the Frenkel-Kac-Segal states that, given a simple-laced simple algebra \(\mathfrak{g}\), (1) \( V_{R_{G}}\cong\mathbb{L}(\Lambda)\) as vertex algebras. In particular, they are isomorphic as \(\hat{\mathfrak{t}}\)-modules. The author consider the following geometrical interpretation. Let \(Gr_{G}=\mathcal{G}_{\mathcal{K}}/\mathcal{G}_{\mathcal{O}}\) be the affine Grassmannian of \(G\), where \(\mathcal{G}_{\mathcal{K}}\) is the group of maps from the punctured disc to \(G\) and \(\mathcal{G}_{\mathcal{O}}\) is the group of maps from the disc to \(G\). If \(G\) is simply-connected then the Picard group of \(Gr_{G}\) is generated by an ample invertible sheaf \(\mathcal{L}_{G}\). Then the Borel-Weyl theorem for affine Kac-Moody algebra identifies \(\mathbb{L}(k\Lambda)\) (resp. \(V_{R_{G}}\)) with \(H^{0}(Gr_{G},\mathcal{L}_{G}^{\otimes k})^{*}\) (resp. \(H^{0}(Gr_{G},\mathcal{O}_{Gr_{T}}\otimes\mathcal{L}_{G})^{*}\)). Thus \(\mathbb{L}(\Lambda)\cong V_{R_{G}}\) as \(\hat{\mathfrak{t}}\)-module if and only if the restriction morphism \(\varphi:\mathcal{L}_{G}\rightarrow \mathcal{O}_{Gr_{T}}\otimes \mathcal{L}_{G}\) induces an isomorphism between the spaces of global sections. If \(G\) is not simple connected, then \(Gr_{G}\) is not connected and the author define \(\mathcal{L}_{G}\) as the line bundle whose restriction to each connected component is the ample generator of its Picard group. The Borel-Weyl theorem hold again (see Proposition 1.4.4). Recall that \(Gr_{G}\) is stratified by \(G_{\mathcal{O}}\)-orbits, \(\{Gr^{\lambda}_{G}\}\), indexed by the dominant coweights \(\{\lambda\}\). Moreover, \(Gr_{G}=\displaystyle{\lim_\rightarrow}\, \overline{Gr}^{\lambda}_{G}\), where the Schubert varieties \(\overline{Gr}^{\lambda}_{G}\) are defined as the closures of the \(Gr^{\lambda}_{G}\). The maximal torus \(T\) of \(G\) acts on the Schubert varieties and the natural embedding \(Gr_{T}\subset Gr_{G}\) identifies \(Gr_{T}\) with the \(T\)-fixed point scheme of \(Gr_{G}\) (see \S1.3). Moreover \(Gr_{T}\times_{Gr_{G}}\overline{Gr}^{\lambda}_{G}\) is the \(T\)-fixed point scheme of \(\overline{Gr}^{\lambda}_{G}\). The main theorem of this article states that the restriction of \(\varphi\) to \(\overline{Gr}^{\lambda}_{G}\) induces an isomorphism on the global sections, (2) \( H^{0}(\overline{Gr}^{\lambda}_{G},\mathcal{L}_{G})\rightarrow H^{0}(\overline{Gr}^{\lambda}_{G},\mathcal{O}_{(\overline{Gr}^{\lambda}_{G})^{T}}\otimes\mathcal{L}_{G})\), if \(G\) has type A or D. Furthermore, the same fact holds for many coweights if \(G\) has type E. In many parts of the proof it is used that \((\overline{Gr}^{\lambda}_{G})^{T}\) is a finite scheme. The difficult part of the proof is showing the injectivity of (2). Indeed it is proved that the restriction of \(\mathcal{L}_{G}^{k}\) from \(\overline{Gr}^{\lambda}_{G}\) to \((\overline{Gr}^{\lambda}_{G})^{T}\) induces a surjective morphism on the global sections for any simple algebraic group \(G\). The first step to prove the injectivity is a reduction to the case of fundamental dominant coweights. Given two dominant coweights \(\lambda\) and \(\mu\), the author constructs a family of varieties with generic fibre is \(\overline{Gr}^{\lambda}_{G}\times \overline{Gr}^{\mu}_{G}\) while the special fibre is \(\overline{Gr}^{\lambda+\mu}_{G}\), using the following result on the Demazure affine modules (here \(\widetilde{G}\) is the simply connected cover of \(G\)): \(H^{0}(\overline{Gr}^{\lambda+\mu}_{G},\mathcal{L}_{G}^{k})\cong H^{0}(\overline{Gr}^{\lambda}_{G},\mathcal{L}_{G}^{k}) \otimes H^{0}(\overline{Gr}^{ \mu}_{G},\mathcal{L}_{G}^{k})\) as \(\widetilde{G}\)-modules. The author includes a proof of this isomorphism which is more geometrical than the original one. To prove the reduction step, the author uses the this family together with the interpretation of the affine Grassmannian as a module space over a smooth curve. Next, he prove that the Schubert variety \(\overline{Gr}_{G}^{\lambda}\) contains many rational curve with known degree. If \(\lambda\) is minuscule (and \(G\) is simply laced) then these curves have degree one. The author proves the injectivity by showing that an arbitrarily fixed section of \(H^{0}(\overline{Gr}_{G}^{\lambda},\mathcal{I}^{\lambda}(1))\) is zero over certain \(T\)-invariant subvarieties \(Z\) (by induction on the dimension of \(Z\)). Here \(\mathcal{I}^{\lambda}\subset\mathcal{O}_{\overline{Gr}_{G}^{\lambda}}\) is the ideal sheaf defining \((\overline{Gr}_{G}^{\lambda})^{T}\). Moreover, the previous subvarieties includes all the \(T\)-invariant curves and the whole Schubert variety. Therefore, the case of type A is proved. Next, he prove the injectivity when \(\lambda\) is a longest root. The proof is similar, but he need to consider also curve of degree 2. Moreover he uses the result for \(G=SL_{2}\). This fact proves the case of \(D_{4}\). The case of \(D_{n}\) is proved by induction on \(n\) and by induction on \(i\), where \(\lambda\) is \(i\)-th fundamental coweight and the weight are indexed according to [\textit{N. Bourbaki}, Groupes et algébres de Lie. Chapitres 4, 5 et 6. Elements de Mathematique. (Paris) etc.: Masson. (1981; Zbl 0483.22001)]. He need also the isomorphism (2) for the case A. Finally, the author can prove some other cases when the type of \(G\) is \(E\) and he conjectures that the map is always injective for the type \(E\). It is necessary to note that the author can reprove the FKS-isomorphism for all the simply laced group. The isomorphism (1) as \(\hat{\mathfrak{t}}\)-modules clearly follows from (2) for the type A and D. To prove the case \(E\) the author show that also in this case any connected components of \(Gr_{G}\) is the direct limits of Schubert varieties associated to weight for which (2) is an isomorphism. To prove that (1) is an isomorphism of vertex algebras he uses the languages of Kac-moody factorization algebras. Finally, he prove an identification of the modules over \(V_{R_{G}}\) with the modules over \( \mathbb{L}(\Lambda)\).

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