Lagrangian Klein bottles in R^2n
The author shows that the \(n\)-dimensional Klein bottle \(K^n\;(n\geq2)\) generalizing the fiber circle of the Klein bottle \(K^2\) to the \((n-1)\)-sphere, admits a Lagrangian embedding into the standard symplectic \(2n\)-space \((\mathbb R^{2n}, \omega)\) if and only if \(n\) is odd. Since the antipodal map of \(S^{2n}\) in \(\mathbb R^{2n+1}\) reverses the orientation, one obtains easily a Lagrangian embedding of \(K^{2n+1}\) into \(\mathbb C^{2n+2}\). The main task of the present paper is to prove that an even-dimensional Klein bottle does not admit a Lagrangian embedding. The author considers, in general, a totally real embedding \(K\hookrightarrow\mathbb C^n\), that is, an embedding such that \(T_pK\) is transverse to \(iT_pK\) at every point \(p\in K\). Let \(U\supset K\) be a tubular neighborhood of \(K\) and let \(X=\overline U\cup_f(\mathbb C^n\backslash U)\) be a surgery defined by a diffeomorphism \(f:\partial U\to\partial U\) such that \(f_*[\delta]=[\delta]+[m^{\sharp}]\) in \(H_{n-1}(\partial U; \mathbb Z/2)\), where \([\delta]\) is the fiber class and \([m^{\sharp}]\) is the pushoff of the \((n-1)\)-sphere \(m\subset K^n\). The author proves that if \(n\) is even then \(K\) is homologically non-trivial in \(X\). This contradicts the result of Eliashberg-Floer-McDuff [e.g. \textit{D. McDuff}, Invent. Math. 103, No.3, 651--671 (1991; Zbl 0719.53015)].
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