An elementary proof of Small's formula for null curves in PSL(2,C) and a analogue for Legendrian curves in PSL(2,C)

MaRDI QIDQ1411277zbMATH OpenFDO

Authors M. Kokubu, Masaaki Umehara, Kotaro Yamada

Publication date 27 October 2003

Published in Osaka Journal of Mathematics (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/math/0209258

zbMATH Keywords

constant mean curvature 1flat surfaceshyperbolic 3-spacehyperbolic Gauss mapLegendrian curvenull curverepresentation formulasecondary Gauss map

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Minimal surfaces in differential geometry, surfaces with prescribed mean curvature (53A10) Non-Euclidean differential geometry (53A35) Differential geometry of immersions (minimal, prescribed curvature, tight, etc.) (53C42)

Abstract: For null curves in PSL(2,C), there exists a representation formula in terms of two meromorphic functions and their derivatives (Small's formula). In this paper, we give an elementary proof of Small's formula. Moreover, a similar formula for Legendrian curves in PSL(2,C) is given. As null curves in PSL(2,C) are related to mean curvature one surfaces in hyperbolic 3-space H^3, Legendrian curves are related to flat surfaces in H^3. So, as an application of Small-type formula for Lengendrian curves, we give new examples of flat surfaces in H^3.

Review text

The authors consider meromorphic curves \(F:M^2\to\text{PSl}(2,{\mathbb C})\) defined on a Riemann surface \(M^2\). \(F\) is called a null curve if \(dF\) has vanishing length in the biinvariant conformal metric of \(\text{PSl}(2,{\mathbb C})\). The following version of an explicit representation formula of \textit{A.~J.~Small} [Proc. Am. Math. Soc 122, No. 4, 1211--1220 (1994; Zbl 0823.53044)] assigning to any pair \((g,G)\) of meromorphic functions a null curve \(F\), is considered: \[ (g,G)\mapsto F=\left(\begin{matrix} A&B\\ C&D\end{matrix}\right)= \left(\begin{matrix} G\frac{da}{dG}-a&G\frac{db}{dG}-b\\ \frac{da}{dG}&\frac{db}{dG}\end{matrix}\right), a=\sqrt{\frac{dG}{dg}}, b=-g\,a. \] Conversely, given a null curve as above, \(g\) and \(G\) are reobtained from \(F\) as the \textit{hyperbolic Gauss map} \(G=dA/dC=dB/dD\) and the secondary Gauss map \(g=-dB/dA=-dD/dC\). \(F\) is called a Legendrian curve or contact curve if the pullback of the contact 1-form \(D\,dA-B\,dC\) under \(F\) vanishes. According to \textit{J. A. Gálvez}, \textit{A. Martinez} and \textit{F.\,Milán} [Math. Ann. 316, 419--435 (2000; Zbl 1003.53047)] they are related to flat surfaces in hyperbolic 3-space. For Legendrian curves an analogous explicit representation formula is given. The same ideas are applied a third time in the appendix for the derivation of an explicit representation formula for null curves in \({\mathbb C}^3\). The result is a special case of a formula considered by the reviewer in a recent paper [Natural algebraic representation formulas for curves in~\({\mathbb C}^3\), [Banach Cent. Publ. 57, 109--134 (2002; Zbl 1029.53012)]. Let us note that in the matrix \(F\) describing this formula (equation (A.4)) the signs of the first and second diagonal entry are wrong.

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