Normal affine surfaces with C^*-actions

Graded rings (13A02) Commutative rings defined by factorization properties (e.g., atomic, factorial, half-factorial) (13F15) Group actions on varieties or schemes (quotients) (14L30) Classification of affine varieties (14R05) Group actions on affine varieties (14R20)

Abstract: A classification of normal affine surfaces admitting a

-action was given in the work of Bia{l}ynicki-Birula, Fieseler and L. Kaup, Orlik and Wagreich, Rynes and others. We provide a simple alternative description of such surfaces in terms of their graded rings as well as by defining equations. This is based on a generalization of the Dolgachev-Pinkham-Demazure construction in the case of a hyperbolic grading. As an apllication we determine the structure of singularities, of the orbits and the divisor class groups for such surfaces.

Review text

Given a normal affine surface \(X\) with a nontrivial \(\mathbb{C}^{*}\)-action, the coordinate algebra \(A=\mathbb{C}[X]\) comes equipped with a \(\mathbb{Z}\)-grading. There are three basic types of gradings and \(\mathbb{C}^{*}\)-actions: \(A_0=\mathbb{C}\) and \(A_{+}\) or \(A_{-}=0\) (elliptic case); \(A_0\neq\mathbb{C}\) and \(A_{+}\) or \(A_{-}=0\) (parabolic case); \(A_{\pm}\neq0\) (hyperbolic case). \textit{H. Pinkham} [Math. Ann. 227, 183--193 (1977; Zbl 0338.14010)] and \textit{M. Demazure} [Trav. Cours 37, 35--68 (1988; Zbl 0686.14005)] proved that in elliptic and parabolic case \(A=\bigoplus_{n\geq0}H^0(C,[nD])\) for a certain projective or affine curve \(C\) and a \(\mathbb{Q}\)-divisor \(D\) on \(C\), and the graded isomorphism class of \(A\) is determined by the rational equivalence class of \(D\). In the parabolic case, the Pinkham--Demazure construction is used in the paper to show that each rational parabolic \(\mathbb{C}^{*}\)-surface is realized as the normalization of a surface in \(\mathbb{A}^3\) given by an equation \(x^d=P(z)y\). Also, the Pinkham--Demazure construction is generalized in the paper to hyperbolic case in the following form: coordinate algebras of hyperbolic \(\mathbb{C}^{*}\)-surfaces are of the form \(A=\bigoplus_{n\geq0}H^0(C,[nD_{+}])\oplus\bigoplus_{n<0}H^0(C,[nD_{-}])\), where \(D_{\pm}\) are \(\mathbb{Q}\)-divisors on an affine curve \(C\) determined up to a simultaneous shift by a principal divisor and such that \(D_{+}-D_{-}\leq0\). This is used to realize rational hyperbolic \(\mathbb{C}^{*}\)-surfaces as normalizations of surfaces in \(\mathbb{A}^4\) given by equations of certain type, to determine the structure of singularities, the \(\mathbb{C}^{*}\)-orbits, the divisor class group, and the canonical divisor of a hyperbolic surface.

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