1+3 covariant cosmic microwave background anisotropies. II: The almost Friedmann-Lemaître model

DOI10.1006/APHY.2000.6034MaRDI QIDQ1581166zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Tim Gebbie, Peter K. S. Dunsby, George F. R. Ellis

Publication date 30 January 2002

Published in Annals of Physics (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9904408

almost Friedmann-Lemaître model Boltzmann equation Einstein's field equation linearizing photon gas universe

Asymptotic procedures (radiation, news functions, (mathcal{H} )-spaces, etc.) in general relativity and gravitational theory (83C30) Relativistic cosmology (83F05) Astrophysical cosmology (85A40)

Abstract: This is the second of a series of papers extending the 1+3 covariant and gauge invariant treatment of kinetic theory to an examination of Cosmic Microwave Background temperature anisotropies arising from inhomogeneities in the early universe. The first paper dealt with algebraic issues. Here we derive the mode form of the integrated Boltzmann equations, first, giving a covariant version of the standard derivation using the mode recursion relations, second, demonstrating the link to the multipole divergence equations and finally various analytic ways of solving the resulting equations are discussed. A general integral form of solution is obtained for the equations with Thomson scattering. The covariant Friedmann-Lemaitre multipole form of the transport equations are found using the covariant and gauge-invariant generalization of the Peebles and Yu expansion in Thompson scattering time. The dispersion relations and damping scale are then obtained from the covariant approach. The equations are integrated to give the covariant and gauge-invariant equivalent of the canonical scalar sourced anisotropies. We carry out a simple treatment of the matter dominated free-streaming projection, slow decoupling, and tight-coupling cases, with the aim both giving a unified transparent derivation of this range of results and clarifying the connection between the more usual approaches (for example that of Hu and Sugiyama) and the treatment for scalar perturbations (for example the treatment of Challinor and Lasenby).

Review text

The first part (see Zbl 0979.83043 above) of this series of papers on cosmic microwave background anisotropies from a \(1+3\) covariant and gauge-invariant point of view was devoted to algebraic fundamentals. Now, in the second part, the dynamical equations are taken into account, i.e., the Boltzmann equation for the photon gas and Einstein's field equation, with an energy-momentum tensor containing a matter source in addition to the photon gas, for the metric tensor. The collision term in the Boltzmann equation is given in terms of an optical depth appropriate for modeling Thompson scattering. It is the goal to develop a scenario for the cosmic microwave background radiation before and after decoupling, thereby clarifying in which way the present-day temperature anisotropies arise from inhomogeneities in the early universe. To that end the authors make full use of the multipole and mode expansions which were the subject of the first part, and they analyze the dynamical equations by linearizing around a Friedman-Lemaître universe. Several types of additional approximative assumptions are considered in different parts of the paper, among them the matter-dominated case (applying if the ratio of radiation energy density to matter energy density is small), the tight-coupling case (if the Thompson scattering time is small) and the slow-decoupling case (if the differential optical depth is small). The scenario of our universe considered in this paper consists of four different eras. Going backwards in time, in the first era the universe is assumed to be matter-dominated and the photons are assumed to be collisionless. In the second era the universe is again matter-dominated but Thompson scattering has to be taken into account, with the slow-decoupling approximation being valid. The remaining two eras are tight-coupling eras, divided from each other by the moment when the energy densities of matter and radiation are equal. The temporal development starts at the beginning of the tight-coupling eras where initial matter perturbations have to be seeded by earlier conditions, e.g. inflation. Within their \(1+3\) covariant and gauge-invariant framework, the authors are able to reproduce several results known from other approaches. In addition, the paper provides a basis from which to tackle nonlinear and gravitational-wave effects. From a mathematical point of view, the use of the linearized Boltzmann equation in a time-integrated form and the derivation of its mode form deserves particular mention. Quite generally, this voluminous (73 pages!) second part of the series is to be viewed as a very valuable contribution to the subject, although the presentation is less transparent and the paper is much more difficult to read than the first part.

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