The modular equations of norm 3 for Q(3)
These modular equations refer to two Hilbert modular groups for \(\mathbb{Q} (\sqrt 3)\), \(G_+\) for \((z,z')\) with \({\mathfrak I}z>0\), \({\mathfrak I}z>0\) and ``\(j\)-invariants \((U,V)\), and \(G_-\) with \({\mathfrak I}z>0\), \({\mathfrak I}z'<0\) and ``\(j\)-invariants \((X,Y)\). When \(z\to z\sqrt 3\), \(z'\to-z'\sqrt 3\) (``norm 3), the action has four conjugates (also \(z\to(z+n)/\sqrt 3\), \(n\in\{0,1,2\}\), etc.) thus \((U,V)\) and \((X,Y)\) become \((U^*,V^*)\) (biquadratic in \((X,Y))\) and \((X^*,Y^*)\) (biquadratic in \((U,V))\), i.e., four modular equations. They have interesting interrelations by resultants and integral solutions corresponding to fixed-points. The derivation of \(U,V,X,Y\) from Eisenstein series came from \textit{K. B. Gundlach} [J. Reine Angew. Math. 220, 109-153 (1965; Zbl 0166.34002)], producing expansions into Fourier series which had to be taken to the 18-th power. For \(\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt 2)\), the reviewer found the modular equations of norm 2 \((z\to z(2+\sqrt 2)\), etc.,) [Math. Comput. 38, 227-236 (1982; Zbl 0491.12009)], and for \(\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt 3)\), the reviewer and the author jointly found the modular equations of norm 2 \((z\to z(1+\sqrt 3)\), etc.,) [Math. Comput. 50, 557-568 (1988; Zbl 0644.10024)].
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