Boundary Hamiltonian theory for gapped topological phases on an open surface
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Abstract: In this paper we propose a Hamiltonian approach to gapped topological phases on an open surface with boundary. Our setting is an extension of the Levin-Wen model to a 2d graph on the open surface, whose boundary is part of the graph. We systematically construct a series of boundary Hamiltonians such that each of them, when combined with the usual Levin-Wen bulk Hamiltonian, gives rise to a gapped energy spectrum which is topologically protected; and the corresponding wave functions are robust under changes of the underlying graph that maintain the spatial topology of the system. We derive explicit ground-state wavefunctions of the system and show that the boundary types are classified by Morita-equivalent Frobenius algebras. We also construct boundary quasiparticle creation, measuring and hopping operators. These operators allow us to characterize the boundary quasiparticles by bimodules of Frobenius algebras. Our approach also offers a concrete set of tools for computations. We illustrate our approach by a few examples.
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Cites work
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Cited in
(22)- Extend the Levin-Wen model to two-dimensional topological orders with gapped boundary junctions
- Electric-magnetic duality in the quantum double models of topological orders with gapped boundaries
- Towards non-invertible anomalies from generalized Ising models
- The boundary phase transitions of the 2+1D \(\mathbb{Z}_N\) topological order via topological Wick rotation
- Gapped interfaces in Fracton models and foliated fields
- Anyonic exclusions statistics on surfaces with gapped boundaries
- Ishibashi states, topological orders with boundaries and topological entanglement entropy. II: Cutting through the boundary
- On topology of the moduli space of gapped Hamiltonians for topological phases
- Ishibashi states, topological orders with boundaries and topological entanglement entropy. I
- Gapped boundary theory of the twisted gauge theory model of three-dimensional topological orders
- Topological quantum computation with gapped boundaries and boundary defects
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- Gapped boundary phases of topological insulators via weak coupling
- Boundary topological entanglement entropy in two and three dimensions
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