Cyclic affine planes of even order

Combinatorial aspects of difference sets (number-theoretic, group-theoretic, etc.) (05B10) Combinatorial aspects of finite geometries (05B25) Finite affine and projective planes (geometric aspects) (51E15)

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Let a be an integer. If t is any integer with \((t,a)=1\), \(\exp_ a(t)\) would mean the smallest positive integer \(\ell\) such that \(t^{\ell}\equiv 1 (mod a)\). Let (p/q) be the Legendre symbol. The main purpose of the paper is to prove the following result. Suppose that there exists a cyclic affine plane of even order n. Then (1) either \(n=2\) or \(n\equiv 0 (mod 4);\) (2) for each prime divisor p of n, we have either \((p/q)=1\) for each prime q, \(q| n^ 2-1\), and for some positive integer r, \(n+1| p^ r+1\) and \(n-1| p^ r-1\), according as \(\exp_{n^ 2-1}(p)\) is odd or even.

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