1-skeleta, Betti numbers, and equivariant cohomology
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Abstract: The one-skeleton of a G-manifold M is the set of points p in M where ; and M is a GKM manifold if the dimension of this one-skeleton is 2. Goresky, Kottwitz and MacPherson show that for such a manifold this one-skeleton has the structure of a ``labeled" graph, , and that the equivariant cohomology ring of M is isomorphic to the ``cohomology ring of this graph. Hence, if M is symplectic, one can show that this ring is a free module over the symmetric algebra , with generators in dimension 2i, being the ``combinatorial 2i-th Betti number of . In this article we show that this ``topological result is , in fact, a combinatorial result about graphs.
Let \(G\) be a commutative compact connected Lie group acting on a manifold \(M\). \(M\) is called a GKM manifold if \(M^G\) is finite, \(M\) admits a \(G\)-invariant almost complex structure and its 1-skeleton (the set of all \(p\in M\) with \(\dim G_p\geq \dim G-1\)) is of \(\dim 2\). In view of a theorem due to Goresky, Kottwitz and MacPherson, the 1-skeleton has the structure of a labeled graph \((\Gamma,\alpha)\), and the equivariant cohomology \(H_G(H)\) can be reconstructed from the cohomology ring \(H(\Gamma,\alpha)\) of this graph. The problem investigated in the paper is wether ``topological results about \(H(\Gamma,\alpha)\) are of a purely combinatorial nature. Two types of GKM manifolds with an affirmative answer to this problem constitute toric varieties and flag varieties. For further studies the authors define an abstract 1-skeleton to be a labeled graph \((\Gamma,\alpha)\) for which \(\alpha\) satisfies simple axioms. Next, the cohomology ring of it is introduced and computed, and a link with the concept of symplectic reduction is pointed out. Some applications are given, e.g. concerning Schubert polynomials. A realization theorem for abstract GKM-skeleta is shown.
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