The signed chromatic number of the projective plane and Klein bottle and antipodal graph coloring
A graph with signed edges is \(k\)-colorable if its vertices can be colored from \(\{0, \pm 1, \pm 2,\dots, \pm k\}\) so that the colors of the end- vertices of a positive edge are unequal, and those of a negative edge are not negatives of each other. The author considers signed graphs without positive loops that imbed in the Klein bottle so that a closed walk is orientation-preserving if and only if it has positive sign product. He shows that all such signed graphs are 2-colorable, but not all are 1- colorable---not even when restricting to those that imbed in the projective plane. If color 0 is excluded, then all are 3-colorable, but-- -even when restricting to the projective plane---not necessarily 2- colorable.
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