A direct method for evaluating some nice Hankel determinants and proofs of several conjectures

DOI10.1016/J.LAA.2012.10.050MaRDI QIDQ1938709zbMATH OpenOpenAlexWikidataFDO

Authors Xiangke Chang, Xing-Biao Hu, Yingnan Zhang

Publication date 22 February 2013

Published in Linear Algebra and its Applications (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://doi.org/10.1016/j.laa.2012.10.050

Catalan numbers Hankel determinant Motzkin numbers Schröder numbers

Exact enumeration problems, generating functions (05A15) Special sequences and polynomials (11B83) Determinants, permanents, traces, other special matrix functions (15A15)

Review text

Let \(C_n=\frac{1}{n+1}C_{2n}^n\) be Catalan numbers, where \(C_{2n}^n\) is a binomial coefficient. Let \(M_n\) denote the Motzkin numbers genrated by the relations \(M_0=1\), \(M_{n-1}+\sum_{i=0}^{n-2} M_iM_{n-2-i}\). Let \(S_{n}\) denote the Schroeder numbers defined by the relations \(S_0=1\), \(S_n=S_{n-1}+\sum_{i=0}^{n-1}S_iS_{n-1-i}\). The following formulas for Hankel determinants are known \[ \begin{aligned}\det(C_{i+j})_{i,j=1}^n=1,\quad \det(C_{i+j+1})_{i,j=1}^{n-1}&=1,\quad \det(C_{i+j+2})_{i,j=1}^{n-1}=n+1,\\ \det(M_{i+j})_{i,j=1}^n=1,\quad \det(M_{i+j+1})_{i,j=1}^{n-1}&=\mathrm{Fib}_{n+1}(1,-1),\quad \det(M_{i+j+2})_{i,j=1}^{n-1}=\sum_{j=0}^n(\mathrm{Fib}_{j+1}(1,-1))^2,\end{aligned} \] where \(\mathrm{Fib}_n(x,s)\) is a Fibonacci polynomial defined by the relation \(\mathrm{Fib}_{n}(x,s)=x\mathrm{Fib}_{n-1}(x,s)+sFib_{n-2}(x,s)\) and \(\mathrm{Fib}_0(x,s)=1\). \[ \det(S_{i+j})_{i,j=1}^n=2^{C_{n}^2},\quad \det(S_{i+j+1})_{i,j=1}^{n-1}=2^{C_{n+1}^2},\quad \det(S_{i+j+2})_{i,j=1}^{n 1}=(2^{n+1}-1)2^{c_{2n}^n}. \] In the present paper the following sequences of numbers \(c(n,m,a,b)\), \(C(n,m,a,b,t)\), \(g(n,m,a,b)\) are considered, whose generating functions are \[ f_m(z,a,b)=\sum_{n\geq 0}c(n,m,a,b)z^n=1+azf_m(z,a,b)+bz^mf(z,a,b)^2, \] \[ \begin{multlined} F_m(z,a,b,t)=\sum_{n\geq 0}C(n,m,a,b,t)z^n=1+(a+b)z\\ F_m(z,a,b,t)+bz^mF_m(z,a,b,t)f_m(z,a,b),\end{multlined} \] \[ F_m(z,a,b)=\sum_{n\geq 0} g(n,m,a,b)z^n=1+azG_m(z,a,b)+2bz^mG_m(z,a,b)f_m(z,a,b). \] These numbers can be interpreted as weights of some lattice path sets. The sequences \(c(n,1,0,1)\), \(c(n,2,1,1)\), \(c(n,1,1,1)\) give Catalan, Motzkin and Schröder numbers. Consider determinants \[ d_r^{m}(n,a,b)=\det(c(i+j+r,m,a,b))_{i,j=0}^{n-1}, \] \[ D_r^m(n,a,b,t)=\det(C(i+t+r,m,a,b,t))_{i,j=0}^{n-1}, \] \[ dd_r^m=\det(g(i+j+r,m,a,b))_{i,j=0}^{n-1}. \] \textit{J. Cigler} [``Some nice Hankel determinants, Preprint, \url{arXiv:1109.1449}] calculated these determinans for \(r=0,1,2\) using in some particular cases using the technique of orthogonal poynomials. In the present paper these determinants are computed using a direct method in general case.

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