Codimension one distributions of degree 2 on the three-dimensional projective space
Syzygies, resolutions, complexes and commutative rings (13D02) Algebraic moduli problems, moduli of vector bundles (14D20) Fine and coarse moduli spaces (14D22) Sheaves in algebraic geometry (14F06) Vector bundles on surfaces and higher-dimensional varieties, and their moduli (14J60) Complex vector fields, holomorphic foliations, (mathbb{C})-actions (32M25) Singularities of holomorphic vector fields and foliations (32S65)
A codimension one distribution \(\mathcal D\) on \(\mathbb P^n\) is given by a short exact sequence \[ \mathcal D: 0 \to T_{\mathcal D} \to T_{\mathbb P^n} \stackrel{\omega}{\to} {\mathcal I}_Z (d+2) \to 0 \] where the corresponding singular scheme \(Z = \text{Sing} (\mathcal D)\) has codimension at least two and \(\omega\) is given dually by a twisted \(1\)-form \(\omega \in H^0 (\Omega^1_{\mathbb P^n} (d+2))\). The \textit{tangent sheaf} \(T_{\mathcal D} = \text{ker }\omega\) of \(\mathcal D\) is reflexive of rank \(n-1\) and \(d\) is the \textit{degree} of \(\mathcal D\). \textit{O. Calvo-Andrade} et al. developed a classification of codimension one distributions in terms of Chern classes of the tangent sheaf \(T_{\mathcal D}\) [Int. Math. Res. Not. 23, 9011--9074 (2020; Zbl 1460.32040)] and classified the distributions of degrees \(d=0\) or \(d=1\) on \(\mathbb P^n\) and those of degree \(d=2\) on \(\mathbb P^3\) with \(T_{\mathcal D}\) locally free and \(Z\) reduced. Here the authors complete the classification of codimension one distributions of degree \(d=2\) on \(\mathbb P^3\) without restrictions. Their main result describes all such tangent sheaves \(T_{\mathcal D}\) in terms of Chern numbers \(c_2, c_3\) (\(d=2\) is equivalent to \(c_1 =0\)), stability, the spectrum of \(T_{\mathcal D}\), and the purely 1-dimensional part \(\text{Sing}_1 (\mathcal D)\) of \(Z\). The cases where \(c_2 (T_{\mathcal D}) \leq 1\) were handled by \textit{Calvo-Andrade, Corrêa and Jardim} [loc. cit.]. On the other hand, when \(c_2 (T_{\mathcal D}) \geq 2\) the authors determine the invariants of the locally Cohen-Macaulay curve \(\text{Sing}_1 (\mathcal D)\) in terms of the Chern numbers \(c_2 (T_{\mathcal D}), c_3 (T_{\mathcal D})\): the degree of \(\text{Sing}_1 (\mathcal D)\) is at most four, but such Cohen-Macaulay curves were classified by \textit{S. Nollet} [Ann. Sci. Éc. Norm. Supér. 30, 367--384 (1997; Zbl 0892.14004)] and \textit{S. Nollet} and \textit{E. Schlesinger} [Compos. Math. 139, 169--196 (2003; Zbl 1053.14035)]. The authors use a variety of techniques to construct the corresponding distributions.
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