Sharp spectral transition for eigenvalues embedded into the spectral bands of perturbed periodic operators

Abstract: In this paper, we consider the Schr"odinger equation, �egin{equation*} Hu=-u^{primeprime}+(V(x)+V_0(x))u=Eu, end{equation*} where

V_{0} (x)

is 1-periodic and

V (x)

is a decaying perturbation. By Floquet theory, the spectrum of

H_{0} = - a b l a^{2} + V_{0}

is purely absolutely continuous and consists of a union of closed intervals (often referred to as spectral bands). Given any finite set of points

{E_{j}}_{j = 1}^{N}

in any spectral band of

H_{0}

obeying a mild non-resonance condition, we construct smooth functions

V (x) = f r a c O (1) 1 + | x |

such that

H = H_{0} + V

has eigenvalues

{E_{j}}_{j = 1}^{N}

. Given any countable set of points

E_{j}

in any spectral band of

H_{0}

obeying the same non-resonance condition, and any function

h (x) > 0

going to infinity arbitrarily slowly, we construct smooth functions

| V (x) | l e q f r a c h (x) 1 + | x |

such that

H = H_{0} + V

has eigenvalues

E_{j}

. On the other hand, we show that there is no eigenvalue of

H = H_{0} + V

embedded in the spectral bands if

V (x) = f r a c o (1) 1 + | x |

as

x

goes to infinity. We prove also an analogous result for Jacobi operators.

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