Polarization algebras and their relations
The leading idea of the paper under review is to show the close connection between well known problems in two branches of mathematics -- classical ring theory (the problem of Albert) and affine algebraic geometry (the homogeneous dependence problem) which may be a fruitful approach to the Jacobian conjecture. The problem of Albert in ring theory asks whether every finite dimensional commutative power-associative nilalgebra is solvable. The homogeneous dependence problem is the following. Let \(H=(h_1,\ldots,h_n)\) be a homogeneous \(n\)-tuple of elements of degree \(m\) of the polynomial algebra \(P_n=k[x_1,\ldots,x_n]\) over a field \(k\). If the Jacobian matrix \(J(H)\) is nilpotent then is it true that \(h_1,\ldots,h_n\) are linearly dependent over \(k\)? The latter problem is related to the Jacobian conjecture because the Jacobian matrix \(J(H)\) is nilpotent if and only if the Jacobian \(\det(I-J(H))\) of the endomorphism \(I-H=(x_1-h_1,\ldots,x_n-h_n)\) is equal to 1, where \(I\) is the \(n\times n\) identity matrix. By the results of \textit{A. V. Yagzhev} [Sib. Math. J. 21, 747--754 (1980; Zbl 0466.13009); translation from Sib. Mat. Zh. 21, No. 5, 141--150 (1980)] and of \textit{H. Bass} et al. [Bull. Am. Math. Soc., New Ser. 7, 287--330 (1982; Zbl 0539.13012)] the Jacobian conjecture is reduced to the study of homogeneous \(n\)-tuples of degree 3. By analogy with the case of binary commutative algebras, the author of the paper considers \(m\)-ary symmetric algebras, i.e. algebras with an \(m\)-ary multiplication which satisfy the identity \(\langle x_1,\ldots,x_m\rangle=\langle x_{\sigma(1)},\ldots,x_{\sigma(m)}\rangle\) for all \(\sigma\) in the symmetric group \(S_m\). Such algebras appear in the approach to the Jacobian conjecture of \textit{L. M. Drużkowski} and \textit{K. Rusek} [Ann. Pol. Math. 46, 85--90 (1985; Zbl 0644.12010)], \textit{G. Gorni} and \textit{G. Zampieri} [Ann. Pol. Math. 64, No. 3, 285--290 (1996; Zbl 0868.12001)], and Yagzhev [loc. cit.]. One of the main results of the paper gives that the homogeneous dependence problem for homogeneous \(n\)-tuples of degree \(m\) is true if and only if every finite dimensional \(m\)-ary symmetric algebra satisfying the Engel condition is solvable. This connects the problem of Albert with the homogeneous dependence problem. Some examples are given and several open problems are formulated.
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