A motivic global Torelli theorem for isogenous K3 surfaces

DOI10.1016/J.AIM.2021.107674MaRDI QIDQ2020387zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors Lie Fu, Charles Vial

Publication date 23 April 2021

Published in Advances in Mathematics (Search for Journal in Brave)

Copyright license Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International

Full work available at URL https://arxiv.org/abs/1907.10868

zbMATH Keywords

\(K3\) surfaces cohomology ring derived categories motives Torelli theorems

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

(Equivariant) Chow groups and rings; motives (14C15) Algebraic cycles (14C25) Torelli problem (14C34) Derived categories of sheaves, dg categories, and related constructions in algebraic geometry (14F08) (K3) surfaces and Enriques surfaces (14J28) Calabi-Yau manifolds (algebro-geometric aspects) (14J32) Holomorphic symplectic varieties, hyper-Kähler varieties (14J42)

Abstract: We prove that the Chow motives of twisted derived equivalent K3 surfaces are isomorphic, not only as Chow motives (due to Huybrechts), but also as Frobenius algebra objects. Combined with a recent result of Huybrechts, we conclude that two complex projective K3 surfaces are isogenous (i.e. their second rational cohomology groups are Hodge isometric) if and only if their Chow motives are isomorphic as Frobenius algebra objects; this can be regarded as a motivic Torelli-type theorem. We ask whether, more generally, twisted derived equivalent hyper-Kaehler varieties have isomorphic Chow motives as (Frobenius) algebra objects and in particular isomorphic graded rational cohomology algebras. In the appendix, we justify introducing the notion of "Frobenius algebra object" by showing the existence of an infinite family of K3 surfaces whose Chow motives are pairwise non-isomorphic as Frobenius algebra objects but isomorphic as algebra objects. In particular, K3 surfaces in that family are pairwise non-isogenous but have isomorphic rational Hodge algebras.

Review text

The authors show that two \(K3\) surfaces \(S\) and \(S'\) are isogenous, i.e. admit a Hodge isometry \(\varphi\colon H^1(S, \mathbb{Q}) \overset{\sim}{\to} H^2(S', \mathbb{Q})\) if and only if their rational Chow motives \(\mathfrak{h}(S)\) and \(\mathfrak{h}(S')\) are isomorphic as Frobenius algebra objects. Furthermore, they complete the motivic global Torelli theorem, namely two \(K3\) surfaces are isomorphic if and only if their integral Chow motives are isomorphic as algebra objects. Earlier [\textit{D. Huybrechts}, Comment. Math. Helv. 94, No. 3, 445--458 (2019; Zbl 1445.14008)] showed that \(\varphi\) can be lifted to an isomorphism of motives \(\Gamma\colon\mathfrak{h}(S) \to \mathfrak{h}(S')\). However, there are examples of non-isogenous \(K3\) surfaces with isomorphic Chow motives. The authors show that the Frobenius structure on \(\mathfrak{h}(X)\) circumvents this ambiguity. Given a smooth projective variety \(X\), the Frobenius structure on \(\mathfrak{h}(X)\) is given by the isomorphism \(\lambda\colon \mathfrak{h}(X)^{\vee} \to \mathfrak{h}(X)(d)\) induced by the class of diagonal \(\Delta_X\in \operatorname{CH}^{\dim X}(X\times X) = \operatorname{Hom}(\mathfrak{h}(X)^{\vee}, \mathfrak{h}(X))\). The usual algebra structure involves multiplication \(\mu\colon \mathfrak{h}(X) \otimes \mathfrak{h}(X) \to \mathfrak{h}(X)\) induced by the small diagonal in \(\operatorname{CH}^{2\dim X}(X\times X\times X)\), and the unit given by the fundamental class \([X]\). The Frobenius structure allows one to define comultiplication \(\delta\colon \mathfrak{h}(X) \to \mathfrak{h}(X)\otimes \mathfrak{h}(X)(d)\) (resp.\ co-unit) by dualising the multiplication (resp.\ unit) and composing with \(\lambda\). These maps satisfy the Frobenius condition \((\operatorname{id}\otimes \mu)\circ (\delta\circ \operatorname{id}) = \delta \circ \mu = (\mu\otimes \operatorname{id})\circ (\operatorname{id}\otimes \delta)\). The key difference between an algebra isomorphism and a Frobenius algebra isomorphism is in that the latter satisfies \(\Gamma^*[Y] = c[X]\) with \(c = 1\). Given two derived equivalent \(K3\) surfaces \(S\) and \(S'\), the idea of the proof is to use the Chern character isomorphism of the numerical Grothendieck group, which is derived invariant and the extended Néron--Severi lattices. Together with Witt's cancellation, this induces an invertible correspondence \(\Gamma_{\operatorname{alg}}\colon \mathfrak{h}_{\operatorname{alg}}(S)\to \mathfrak{h}_{\operatorname{alg}}(S')\). For the transcendental part, the authors use the Mukai vector \(v_2(\mathscr{E})\) of the kernel \(\mathscr{E}\in \text{D}^b(S\times S')\) of the autoequivalence of \(S\) and \(S'\). The total correspondence obtained this way gives the desired Frobenius algebra isomorphism. Then the result follows from [\textit{D. Huybrechts}, Abh. Math. Semin. Univ. Hamb. 88, No. 1, 201--207 (2018; Zbl 1426.14004)], which showed that \(S\) and \(S'\) are isogenous if and only if they are twisted Fourier--Mukai partners. The converse that a Frobenius algebra isomorphism induces an isogeny follows rather easily from the fact that \(\Gamma^*[S'] = [S]\). A further advantage of Frobenius algebra isomorphism is that it behaves well with tensor products. The authors exploit this property to conclude that isogenous \(K3\) surfaces \(S\) and \(S'\) induce the isomorphism \(\mathfrak{h}(\operatorname{Hilb}^{n_1}(S)\times\cdots \times \operatorname{Hilb}^{n_r}(S))\simeq \mathfrak{h}(\operatorname{Hilb}^{n_1}(S')\times\cdots \times\operatorname{Hilb}^{n_r}(S'))\) as Frobenius algebra objects. Finally, generalising results of Huybrechts [loc. cit.] and \textit{C. Voisin} [Lond. Math. Soc. Lect. Note Ser. 417, 422--436 (2014; Zbl 1326.14089)], the authors show that the Mukai vector, \(v_2(\mathscr{E})\) of a Fourier--Mukai kernel \(\mathscr{E}\in \operatorname{D}^b(S\times S')\) of an exact linear equivalence of \(K3\) surfaces \(S\) and \(S'\), lies in \(\operatorname{CH}^2(\mathfrak{h}^4(S\times S'))\). In the Appendix, the authors provide further examples of infinite families of pairwise non-isogenous \(K3\) surfaces with isomorphic rational Hodge structures.

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