The effect of points fattening on del Pezzo surfaces

. Basic questions when studying the problem of points fattening on an arbitrary variety are what is the minimal growth of the initial sequence and how are the sets on which this minimal growth happens characterized geometrically. We provide complete answer for del Pezzo surfaces.

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In the paper under review, the author studies the effect of points fattening on del Pezzo surfaces. Let \(S_{r}\) be the del Pezzo surface obtained by blowing up \(r\) general points in the complex projective plane with \(r \in \{1, \dots,8\}\), and denote by \(K_{S_{r}}\) the canonical divisor of \(S_{r}\). In order to formulate the main result of the paper under review, we need to define the initial degree. Let \(X\) be a smooth projective variety with a fixed ample line bundle \(L\). Let \(Z\) be a reduced subscheme of \(X\) defined by the ideal sheaf \(\mathcal{I}_{Z}\). For a positive integer \(m\), the initial degree with respect to \(L\) of the subscheme \(mZ\) is the following number \[\alpha(mZ) = \alpha\bigg(\mathcal{I}_{Z}^{(m)}\bigg) := \min \bigg\{ d: \, H^{0}(X, dL \otimes \mathcal{I}_{Z}^{(m)}) \neq 0 \bigg\}.\] The initial sequence, with respect to \(L\), of a subscheme \(Z\) is the sequence of the form \[\alpha(Z), \alpha(2Z), \alpha(3Z), \dots\,.\] It is worth noticing that the initial sequence is weakly growing, i.e., \(\alpha(mZ) \leq (nZ)\) provided that \(n\geq m\), and the sequence is subadditive, i.e., \(\alpha((n+m)Z) \leq \alpha(nZ) + \alpha(mZ)\). The main goal of the paper under review is to classify finite sets of points in del Pezzo surfaces for which the fattening effect is the smallest possible. More precisely, for each del Pezzo surface \(S_{r}\) the author establishes the maximal integer \(m\) such that the following sequence holds \[\alpha(Z) = \alpha(2Z) = \cdots = \alpha(mZ) = 1,\] where \(Z\) is a finite set of points in \(S_{r}\), and the initial degree is computed with respect to the anticanonical divisor \(-K_{S_{r}}\). In the second part of the paper, the author shows a Chudnovsky-type statement for del Pezzo surfaces having \(-K_{S_{r}}\) very ample (and the initial degree is computed with respect to this divisor). Theorem. Let \(1\leq r \leq 6\) and \(Z \subset S_{r}\) be a finite set of points such that \(\alpha = \alpha(Z) \geq 2\), then we have \[\frac{\alpha(mZ)}{m} \geq \frac{\alpha - 1}{2}.\]

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