Field-theoretic derivation of bubble-wall force

DOI10.1007/JHEP01(2021)070zbMATH Open1459.85004arXiv2005.10875MaRDI QIDQ2024243FDOQ2024243

T. Prokopec, Marc Barroso Mancha, Bogumiła Świeżewska

Publication date: 3 May 2021

Published in: Journal of High Energy Physics (Search for Journal in Brave)

Abstract: We derive a general quantum field theoretic formula for the force acting on expanding bubbles of a first order phase transition in the early Universe setting. In the thermodynamic limit the force is proportional to the entropy increase across the bubble of active species that exert a force on the bubble interface. When local thermal equilibrium is attained, we find a strong friction force which grows as the Lorentz factor squared, such that the bubbles quickly reach stationary state and cannot run away. We also study an opposite case when scatterings are negligible across the wall (ballistic limit), finding that the force saturates for moderate Lorentz factors thus allowing for a runaway behavior. We apply our formalism to a massive real scalar field, the standard model and its simple portal extension. For completeness, we also present a derivation of the renormalized, one-loop, thermal energy-momentum tensor for the standard model and demonstrate its gauge independence.

Full work available at URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2005.10875

zbMATH Keywords

beyond standard modelcosmology of theories beyond the SMspontaneous symmetry breakingthermal field theory

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Classical and relativistic thermodynamics (80A10) Symmetry breaking in quantum theory (81R40) Methods of quantum field theory in general relativity and gravitational theory (83C47) Astrophysical cosmology (85A40)

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Cited In (21)

• Bubble-wall velocity in local thermal equilibrium: hydrodynamical simulations vs analytical treatment
• Quantisation across bubble walls and friction
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• Reflections on bubble walls
• Green's functions in the presence of a bubble wall
• Bubble wall velocity: heavy physics effects
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• Electroweak bubble wall expansion: gravitational waves and baryogenesis in standard model-like thermal plasma
• Bubble wall dynamics at the electroweak phase transition
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