Extreme values of the derivative of Blaschke products and hypergeometric polynomials

Abstract: A finite Blaschke product, restricted to the unit circle, is a smooth covering map. The maximum and minimum values of the derivative of this map reflect the geometry of the Blaschke product. We identify two classes of extremal Blaschke products: those that maximize the difference between the maximum and minimum of the derivative, and those that minimize it. Both classes turn out to have the same algebraic structure, being the quotient of two hypergeometric polynomials.

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Let \(\mathbb D\) denote the unit disc in \(\mathbb C\) with boundary \(\mathbb T\). For a finite Blaschke product \(B\) define \[ M(B) = \sup_{|z|=1}|B^\prime(z)|\quad\text{and}\quad m(B) = \inf_{|z|=1}|B^\prime(z)|. \] Among the main results of the paper is the following theorem. Theorem 1.2. \begin{itemize} \item[(i)] For every Blaschke product of degree \(n\) the numbers \(M=M(B)\) and \(m=m(B)\) satisfy \[ \frac{n}{M-n+1} \le m \le n-1 +\frac{n}{M} \tag{1} \] and \[ 0<m\le n\le M. \tag{2} \] \item[(ii)] Conversely, for any triple \((n,m,M)\in \mathbb N\times (0,\infty)\times (0,\infty)\) that satisfies (1) and (2) there exists a Blaschke product of degree \(n\) for which \(M(B) =M\) and \(m(B) = m\). \end{itemize} In addition, the authors also study Blaschke products for which \[ m(B) = \frac{n}{M(B)-n+1} \quad \text{or}\quad m(B) = n-1 +\frac{n}{M(B)}. \] Such Blaschke products are referred to as extremal and in Theorem 1.4 they prove that extremal Blaschke products are given in terms of hypergeometric polynomials.

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