Combinatorics of faithfully balanced modules

Combinatorial aspects of groups and algebras (05E16) Module categories in associative algebras (16D90) Auslander-Reiten sequences (almost split sequences) and Auslander-Reiten quivers (16G70)

Abstract: We study and classify faithfully balanced modules for the algebra of lower triangular

n

by

n

matrices. The theory extends known results about tilting modules, which are classified by binary trees, and counted with the Catalan numbers. The number of faithfully balanced modules is a

2

-factorial number. Among them are

n!

modules with

n

indecomposable summands, which can be classified by interleaved binary trees or by increasing binary trees.

Review text

Let \(\Lambda\) be a finite dimensional algebra, \(_{\Lambda}M\) a finitely generated left \(\Lambda\)-module, and \(\Gamma\) the ring of endomorphisms of \(_{\Lambda}M\). It can be seen that for every element \(x\) of \(\Lambda\) we have a morphism \(x^{*}:{ }_{\Gamma}M\rightarrow { }_{\Gamma}M\), \(m\mapsto xm\). The above defines a morphism of rings \(\Lambda \rightarrow \operatorname{End}_{\Gamma}(M)\). In case such morphism is bijective we say that \(M\) is faithfully balanced (FB). FB modules appear naturally in ring theory (see [\textit{S. König} et al., J. Algebra 240, No. 1, 393--412 (2001; Zbl 0980.17003)]). We can also find well-studied module classes consisting of FB modules. For example, (co)tilting [\textit{Y. Miyashita}, Math. Zeitschrift 193, 113--146 (1986; Zbl 0578.16015)] and (co)generators are classes of FB modules. An exposition on FB modules and a relative notion in the Auslander-Solberg sense can be found in [\textit{B.Ma} and \textit{J. Sauter}, J. Algebra 556, 1115--1164 (2020; Zbl 1448.16014)]. The aim of the article under review is to study and classify FB modules for the case where \(\Lambda\) is a Nakayama algebra. To be specific, this class of modules is characterised by means of three conditions (Corollary 4.2). By applying such characterization for \(\Lambda=\Lambda_n\), the algebra of \(n \times n\) lower triangular matrices, FB modules can be visually shown through the Young diagram of the indecomposable modules of the algebra. Moreover, notions such as critical modules and minimal FB modules are used to distinguish tilting and \(\tau\)-tilting modules. Two counting tools are included in the article. The first one uses the coefficients of a certain polynomial to count the FB modules of \(\Lambda_n\). The second one shows that the number of FB modules over a quadratic Nakayama algebra can be calculated through 2-factor numbers (\([n]_2!:=\prod _{i=1} ^{n} (2^{i} -1)\)). The penultimate section of the paper is devoted to study the combinatorics of FB modules with \(n\) inseparable summands. The main result shows that there is a bijection between: FB modules over the algebra \(\Lambda_n\); interleaved trees; increasing binary trees; and self bounded functions. Finally, an order relation is defined on the set of FB modules with \(n\) inseparable summands. It turns out that the poset defined is a lattice containing the Tamari lattice of order \(n\).

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