Approximation by -means of Walsh-Fourier series in dyadic Hardy spaces and dyadic homogeneous Banach spaces

DOI10.1007/S10476-021-0083-9MaRDI QIDQ2043698zbMATH OpenOpenAlexFDO

Authors István Blahota, Károly Nagy, Mohammed A. Salim

Publication date 3 August 2021

Published in Analysis Mathematica (Search for Journal in Brave)

Full work available at URL https://doi.org/10.1007/s10476-021-0083-9

\(\theta\)-mean approximation dyadic Hardy space dyadic homogeneous Banach space Fejér mean modulus of continuity Nörlund mean Walsh group Walsh system Walsh-Fourier series weighted mean

Mathematics Subject Classification ID

Function spaces arising in harmonic analysis (42B35) Orthogonal functions and polynomials, general theory of nontrigonometric harmonic analysis (42C05) Fourier series in special orthogonal functions (Legendre polynomials, Walsh functions, etc.) (42C10) Operator theory and harmonic analysis (47B90)

Review text

Let \(G\) be the infinite product of \(\mathbb{Z}_2\). Let \(\mathcal{A}_n\) be the \(\sigma\)-algebra generated by the intervals \(I_n(x)\), (\(x\in G\)) where \(I_n(x)=\{y\in G: (x_0,\dots, x_{n-1},y_n,y_{n+1},\dots)\}\). A sequence of functions \(\{f^{(n)}\}\subset L^1\) is a dyadic martingale if \(f_n\) is \(\mathcal{A}_n\)-measurable and \(S_{2^n} f^{(n+1)}=f^{(n)}\). Here, \(S_{2^n}f\) is the \(2^n\)-th partial sum of the Walsh-Fourier series, \(S_n(f;x)=\sum_{k=0}^{n-1}\langle f, w_k\rangle w_k(x)\). The Walsh functions are defined by \(w_n(x)=\prod_k (r_k(x))^{n_k}\) where \(n=\sum_{k=0}^{\vert n\vert -1} n_k 2^k\) is the binary decomposition of \(n\in\mathbb{N}\) (\(\vert n\vert \) is the dyadic norm of \(n\)) and \(r_k(x)=(-1)^{x_k}\) (\(x\in G\), \(k\in\mathbb{N}\)) is the \(k\)th Rademacher function.\par The martingale maximal function is \(f^\ast=\sup_{n\in\mathbb{N}} \vert f^{(n)}\vert \) (defined pointwise). For \(p>0\) one denotes by \(H_p\) the dyadic Hardy space whose members are measurable functions on \(G\) such that \(\Vert f\Vert_{H^p}=\Vert f^\ast\Vert_{L^p}<\infty\). \par Denote by \(\Theta_n\) the \(n\times n\) matrix with entries \(\theta_{j,k}\), \(j\geq k-1\), \(j=0,\dots, n-1\), \(k=1,\dots n\) such that \(\theta_{0,k}=1\), and \(\theta_{j,k}=0\) if \(k>j+1\). Define \(\Delta\theta_{k,n}=\theta_{k+1,n}-\theta_{k,n}\) and \(\Delta^2\theta_{k,n}=\Delta\theta_{k+1,n}-\Delta\theta_{k,n}\). Let \(\sigma_n^\Theta(f;x)=-\sum_{\ell=1}^{n} \Delta\theta_{\ell-1,n} S_\ell(f;x)\). Also define the error \(E_n(f,X)\) as the norm of the the best approximation in the space \(X\) by Walsh polynomials \(w_k\), \(k=0,\dots, n\). \par The first main result (Thm.~2) states that if the sequences \(\theta_{k,n}\) are nonincreasing and the sequences \(\Delta\theta_{k,n}\) are nondecreasing, then for \(1/2<p\leq 1\), (\(\vert n\vert \) denotes the dyadic norm of \(n\)) \[\Vert f-\sigma_n^\Theta f\Vert_{H^p}\leq \] \[ C_p\Bigl(\sum_{\ell=0}^{\vert n\vert -1} (2^\ell \vert \Delta \theta_{2^\ell-1,n}\vert ^p E_{2^\ell}^p(f,H^p)+\bigl((n-2^{\vert n\vert}+1) \vert \Delta \theta_{2^\ell-1,n} \bigr)^p E_{2^{\vert n\vert}}^p(f,H^p)\Bigr)^{1/p}.\] A bound of the same type applies when the sequences \(\Delta\theta_{k,n}\) are nonincreasing, with appropriate modifications on the difference terms.\par An application is provided in the case of Fejér means (\(\theta_{k,n}=1-\frac{k}{n}\)). As a corollary of the result (stated as Cor.~2), \[\Vert f-\sigma_n f\Vert_{H^p}\leq \frac{c_p}{n}\Bigl(\sum_{\ell=0}^{\vert n\vert -1} 2^{\ell p} E_{2^\ell}^p(f,H^p)+(n-2^{\vert n\vert}+1)^p E_{2^{\vert n\vert}}^p(f,H^p) \Bigr)^{1/p}\, .\] This Fejér estimate is shown to be sharp in the sense that if one abbreviates the right hand side above to \(M_p(f,H^p)\) then one has \[\lim\sup_{n\to\infty} \Vert f-\sigma_n f\Vert_{H^p}/M_p(f,H^p)>1\] for an appropriate \(c_p>0\) (Thm.~3).\par Further error estimates for \(\Theta\)-means are provided on more general dyadically homogeneous Banach spaces \(X\) (essentially, spaces with translation invariant quasi-norms in which Walsh polynomials are dense).\par A summary result, Cor.~3, states for the case of Fejér means that \[\Vert f-\sigma_n f\Vert_{X}\leq \frac{31}{15 n}\Bigl(\sum_{j=0}^{n-1} 2^{j} \omega (f,2^{-j},X)+\frac{47}{30 n} (n-2^{\vert n\vert}+1) \omega (f, 2^{-\vert n\vert},X)\Bigr).\] Here \(\omega(f,\delta,X)=\sup_{\vert t\vert <\delta} \Vert f(\cdot)-f(\cdot+t)\Vert_X\).

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