Approximation by \(\theta\)-means of Walsh-Fourier series in dyadic Hardy spaces and dyadic homogeneous Banach spaces (Q2043698)

Let \(G\) be the infinite product of \(\mathbb{Z}_2\). Let \(\mathcal{A}_n\) be the \(\sigma\)-algebra generated by the intervals \(I_n(x)\), (\(x\in G\)) where \(I_n(x)=\{y\in G: (x_0,\dots, x_{n-1},y_n,y_{n+1},\dots)\}\). A sequence of functions \(\{f^{(n)}\}\subset L^1\) is a dyadic martingale if \(f_n\) is \(\mathcal{A}_n\)-measurable and \(S_{2^n} f^{(n+1)}=f^{(n)}\). Here, \(S_{2^n}f\) is the \(2^n\)-th partial sum of the Walsh-Fourier series, \(S_n(f;x)=\sum_{k=0}^{n-1}\langle f, w_k\rangle w_k(x)\). The Walsh functions are defined by \(w_n(x)=\prod_k (r_k(x))^{n_k}\) where \(n=\sum_{k=0}^{\vert n\vert -1} n_k 2^k\) is the binary decomposition of \(n\in\mathbb{N}\) (\(\vert n\vert \) is the dyadic norm of \(n\)) and \(r_k(x)=(-1)^{x_k}\) (\(x\in G\), \(k\in\mathbb{N}\)) is the \(k\)th Rademacher function.\par The martingale maximal function is \(f^\ast=\sup_{n\in\mathbb{N}} \vert f^{(n)}\vert \) (defined pointwise). For \(p>0\) one denotes by \(H_p\) the dyadic Hardy space whose members are measurable functions on \(G\) such that \(\Vert f\Vert_{H^p}=\Vert f^\ast\Vert_{L^p}<\infty\). \par Denote by \(\Theta_n\) the \(n\times n\) matrix with entries \(\theta_{j,k}\), \(j\geq k-1\), \(j=0,\dots, n-1\), \(k=1,\dots n\) such that \(\theta_{0,k}=1\), and \(\theta_{j,k}=0\) if \(k>j+1\). Define \(\Delta\theta_{k,n}=\theta_{k+1,n}-\theta_{k,n}\) and \(\Delta^2\theta_{k,n}=\Delta\theta_{k+1,n}-\Delta\theta_{k,n}\). Let \(\sigma_n^\Theta(f;x)=-\sum_{\ell=1}^{n} \Delta\theta_{\ell-1,n} S_\ell(f;x)\). Also define the error \(E_n(f,X)\) as the norm of the the best approximation in the space \(X\) by Walsh polynomials \(w_k\), \(k=0,\dots, n\). \par The first main result (Thm.~2) states that if the sequences \(\theta_{k,n}\) are nonincreasing and the sequences \(\Delta\theta_{k,n}\) are nondecreasing, then for \(1/2<p\leq 1\), (\(\vert n\vert \) denotes the dyadic norm of \(n\)) \[\Vert f-\sigma_n^\Theta f\Vert_{H^p}\leq \] \[ C_p\Bigl(\sum_{\ell=0}^{\vert n\vert -1} (2^\ell \vert \Delta \theta_{2^\ell-1,n}\vert ^p E_{2^\ell}^p(f,H^p)+\bigl((n-2^{\vert n\vert}+1) \vert \Delta \theta_{2^\ell-1,n} \bigr)^p E_{2^{\vert n\vert}}^p(f,H^p)\Bigr)^{1/p}.\] A bound of the same type applies when the sequences \(\Delta\theta_{k,n}\) are nonincreasing, with appropriate modifications on the difference terms.\par An application is provided in the case of Fejér means (\(\theta_{k,n}=1-\frac{k}{n}\)). As a corollary of the result (stated as Cor.~2), \[\Vert f-\sigma_n f\Vert_{H^p}\leq \frac{c_p}{n}\Bigl(\sum_{\ell=0}^{\vert n\vert -1} 2^{\ell p} E_{2^\ell}^p(f,H^p)+(n-2^{\vert n\vert}+1)^p E_{2^{\vert n\vert}}^p(f,H^p) \Bigr)^{1/p}\, .\] This Fejér estimate is shown to be sharp in the sense that if one abbreviates the right hand side above to \(M_p(f,H^p)\) then one has \[\lim\sup_{n\to\infty} \Vert f-\sigma_n f\Vert_{H^p}/M_p(f,H^p)>1\] for an appropriate \(c_p>0\) (Thm.~3).\par Further error estimates for \(\Theta\)-means are provided on more general dyadically homogeneous Banach spaces \(X\) (essentially, spaces with translation invariant quasi-norms in which Walsh polynomials are dense).\par A summary result, Cor.~3, states for the case of Fejér means that \[\Vert f-\sigma_n f\Vert_{X}\leq \frac{31}{15 n}\Bigl(\sum_{j=0}^{n-1} 2^{j} \omega (f,2^{-j},X)+\frac{47}{30 n} (n-2^{\vert n\vert}+1) \omega (f, 2^{-\vert n\vert},X)\Bigr).\] Here \(\omega(f,\delta,X)=\sup_{\vert t\vert <\delta} \Vert f(\cdot)-f(\cdot+t)\Vert_X\).